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... shrink inward; if the point of saving/consumption is to the left of the steady-state equilibrium point, then the economy will grow and the PPF will shift outward  corporate saving:  firms can earn profits and plow them back into their businesses – this is considered part of saving  corporations m ...
Monetary Policy Report, April 2016
Monetary Policy Report, April 2016

... Swedish export market. Even if growth will gradually become  lower over the forecast period, the average GDP growth is  expected to become higher than normal.  Resource utilisation is judged to be approximately normal  now and is expected to increase over the coming years to  become higher than norm ...
PDF Download
PDF Download

... The number of entrepreneurs (nt ) and the number of workers (1−nt ) in the economy is generally endogenous and predetermined only for the initial period. From period one onwards economic agents have to make a career decision depending on kind and magnitude of their inherited wealth and their endowme ...
The Flight from Maturity*
The Flight from Maturity*

... most common measure of interbank counterparty risk. The pattern is remarkable. The tendency for the ABCP maturity to shorten moves very closely with counterparty risk, as bank counterparties become riskier, their conduits are kept on a much shorter leash in terms of maturity in the CP market. The me ...
Country Data Sheet: Portfolio Project Part I
Country Data Sheet: Portfolio Project Part I

... Here are great web sites to examine time-space convergence: http://www.timeanddate.com/time/travel.html?p1=848&p2=690 Determine the distance from Lexington to the capitol of your country. How many hours would it take to fly there in clock hours? _________________ How many actual hours? _____________ ...
M F L
M F L

... Appendix-VII gives the total liability of the government for the last 25 years since 1976-77. Aggregate fiscal liabilities have grown over nine times in the last sixteen years from Rs 137,485 crore in 1985-86 to Rs 1238,842 crore in 2000-01, at an average trend rate of around 16 per cent. The rate o ...
Federal Reserve Transparency and Financial Market Forecasts of Short-Term Interest Rates
Federal Reserve Transparency and Financial Market Forecasts of Short-Term Interest Rates

... ante uncertainty about the future course of short-term interest rates, as measured by interest rate options, and 4) a fall in the cross-sectional dispersion of private sector forecasts of short-term interest rates. Moreover, we show that there have not been similar improvements in private sector for ...
Monetary Policy Expectations at the Zero Lower Bound
Monetary Policy Expectations at the Zero Lower Bound

Inflation & unemployment
Inflation & unemployment

... by increasing the quantity of money, a process of cost-push inflation continues. © 2010 Pearson Addison-Wesley ...
A Study on the Relationship between Relative Bargaining Power
A Study on the Relationship between Relative Bargaining Power

... impounded in the share price on completion of the takeover, since that is the point at which acquisition has become a certain rather than a probable event. However, Conn &Nielsen and several event studies (e.g. Firth, 1979) investigate price behavior one month after merger and we follow this to allo ...
Joint Dynamics of House Prices and Foreclosures
Joint Dynamics of House Prices and Foreclosures

... long term features of the US housing market such as average default rate, wealth-to-income ratio, average moving rate of homeowners, and average homeownership rate. As our first exercise, we feed the economy with an unexpected and permanent interest rate shock where the risk-free interest rate incr ...
Présentation PowerPoint - McGraw Hill Higher Education
Présentation PowerPoint - McGraw Hill Higher Education

... capital stock: From equation 1), the desired capital stock increases when the expected level of output rises and when the rental cost of capital falls. The rental cost of capital falls when the real interest rate and the rate of depreciation fall and when the investment tax credit rises. A higher co ...
Ratio of the Month: Working Capital
Ratio of the Month: Working Capital

... Farm Equity to Asset Ratio = Total farm equity  Total farm assets Farm Debt to Equity Ratio = Total farm debt / Total farm equity The Farm equity to asset ratio measures the farm equity relative to the value of the farm assets. It measures the proportion of the farm assets financed by the owner's e ...
Industry employment and output projections to 2020
Industry employment and output projections to 2020

... million jobs, 3.2 percent annually, reaching 5.2 million by 2020. Real output is expected to grow by $179.2 billion, to reach $692.7 billion by 2020. Technological advances, cost pressures, and the increased number of people 65 years and older seeking medical care will shift services from inpatient ...
Incentive Plans Within Real Estate Firms – A Partial Review of
Incentive Plans Within Real Estate Firms – A Partial Review of

... The fulfilment of this latter condition is said to lead to the existence of a clear ‘line of sight’ between performance and reward. ‘Line of sight’ describes the employee’s ability to see how effort translates to higher performance and ultimately greater rewards (Zobal, 1999). Milgrom and Roberts (1 ...
Upload paper - Harvard University
Upload paper - Harvard University

... new fact, however, is consistently confirmed by a number of recent papers (e.g. Alesina et al., 2015; Guajardo et al., 2014): fiscal consolidations implemented by raising taxes imply larger output losses compared to consolidations relying on reductions in government spending. In the present study, w ...
What fiscal policy does Spain need? Macroeconomic effects of two
What fiscal policy does Spain need? Macroeconomic effects of two

... number of employed people will grow at a slower pace than in 2015-2016. In 2020 there ...
The countercyclical capital buffer in Spain: an
The countercyclical capital buffer in Spain: an

... CCB’s activation in Spain during those periods when systemic risks stemming from excessive credit growth are building up (i.e. the moment when the CCB should accumulate). 6 There are conceptual reasons for thinking that the best indicators for the activation and release phases of the CCB may be dif ...
A factor portfolio
A factor portfolio

del02-stein  221139 en
del02-stein 221139 en

... to explain shorter- term movements in the rate of capacity utilization or inflation, is extremely controversial. Therefore, our focus is upon the equilibrium/sustainable real exchange rate. The NATREX model is a method of analysis11 that we use to evaluate the effects of enlargement under various sc ...
Economic Shocks and Internal Migration
Economic Shocks and Internal Migration

... decrease in wages led to a decrease in the net in-migration rate of around .2 percentage points. This decrease was entirely driven by a decline in the in-migration rate, with little response of the out-migration rate. The fact that in-migration explains most of the variation in internal migration is ...
Government Policy Responses to Financial Crises
Government Policy Responses to Financial Crises

... (Roubini and Setser 2004; Manasse and Roubini 2009). In this type of crisis, because a government cannot pay its debt, the consensus is that cutting expenses is necessary to balance deficits in the short term. Still, the usefulness of monetary policy to address sovereign debt crises is more inconclu ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research Volume Title: National Saving and Economic Performance
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research Volume Title: National Saving and Economic Performance

... activity (represented by k and y). If an increase in an individual’s production, y, leads automatically to an increase in that individual’s public services (as with sewers and police services, and perhaps with national security), an income tax (or a user fee) can give better results than a lumpsum t ...
Report of the Commission on Inclusive Prosperity
Report of the Commission on Inclusive Prosperity

... Note from the authors: As in any collaborative process, there has been much give and take among the participants in developing this final product. We all subscribe to the broad analysis and principles articulated here. There may be specific matters, however, on which some of us have different views ...
1 1. Introduction In the last ten years, Chile`s overall economic
1 1. Introduction In the last ten years, Chile`s overall economic

... in the single digits, unemployment has stood at an average 5.5%, investment (both foreign and domestic) has flourished, and people have realized that their welfare is improving. In particular, national saving has increased dramatically, from extremely low levels of around 6% of GDP in the early 1980 ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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