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Policy Analysis with the IS/LM Model
Policy Analysis with the IS/LM Model

... rates are the only determinant of investment.  Investment may also depends on credit conditions, the willingness of banks to lend independent of interest rates.  If banks raise their lending standards, investment may not respond to expansionary monetary policy.  Mexico after 1994, Japan in the 90 ...
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... b) interest – rate effect: a higher price level increases the demand for money and (assuming a fixed supply of money) raises the interest rate which reduces consumption and investment c) foreign purchasing effect: a higher price level makes U.S. exports relatively expensive and foreign imports relat ...
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Accelerated Macro Spring 2015 Solutions to HW #4 1
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... rate: iF F = π + 0.02 + 0.5(π − π ∗ ) + 0.5Ŷ , where iF F is the nominal Federal Funds rate, π is the annual inflation rate, π ∗ = 2% is the target inflation rate, and Ŷ is the deviation of output from potential (i.e., Ŷ = Y Ȳ−Ȳ ). For each of the following shocks, determine the effects of the ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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