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No Slide Title
No Slide Title

... While maintaining the same level of spending, considered as sufficient in international and regional norms, reallocate resources to have a better yield. ...
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PDF Download

... results because the early years in both those decades saw an explosion of job losses; and replacement benefits (both level and duration) played a part in determining how slowly the bulge of jobless persons was digested into employment over the decade; in contrast, the mid-1990s and the mid-1960s loo ...
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PDF

... Equity in domestic enterprises and equity in enterprises located in foreign regions comprise regional wealth. Over time regional savings, which are a fixed share of income, augment regional wealth. Due to an absence of data on bilateral investment flows, we do not model bilateral equity ownership, i ...
The Spending Multiplier
The Spending Multiplier

...  Discretionary fiscal policies are highly visible elements in government activity, therefore it is often affected by both and considerations o Ex. Tax hikes and decrease government spending sometimes are the appropriate action for the economy; however citizens do not favour these actions regardless ...
Lessons for today from Sweden`s crisis in the 1990s
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... Box 1: Sweden's budgeting framework Before 1996, the governance of Sweden's public finances was extremely lax, as regards both fiscal principles, with numerous off-budget items and open-ended appropriations, with no principle of non-contraction between revenues and expenditures. It was lax too in te ...
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Ghana - African Economic Outlook

... 2013 respectively. The increase in total tax revenues and grants as a percentage of GDP from 16.7 % in 2010 is driven by the expansion in the economy as a result of the oil production and tax reforms instituted in 2011. Thus, although tax revenue declined slightly from 2010, oil tax revenues increas ...
ECON 102 Tutorial: Week 16
ECON 102 Tutorial: Week 16

... GDP per person increased 46.8% in Canada and 63.1% in Japan. At the same time labour productivity rose 29.2% and 47.4%, while the ratio of employment to population only rose by 13.6% and 10.6% in the two countries. So, most of the increase in output per person in Canada and Japan resulted from highe ...
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... show that private saving was 60 billion denars, taxes were 70 billion denars, governnlent purchases of goods and services were 80 billion denars, there were no transfer payments by the government, and GDP was 400 billion denars. What were consumption and investment in San Lucretia? a). 270 billion d ...
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14.02 Quiz 1 Solutions Fall 2004 Multiple-Choice Questions (30/100 points)

... Intuitively, given the level of the money supply, if income (Y) is high, then demand for money will be high (because when output increases, there are more transactions in the economy). For money demand to equal money supply, therefore, interest rates also need to be high in order to reduce money de ...
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Econ 302
Econ 302

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Q1 Thoughts on the Market

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Inflation Report August 2005
Inflation Report August 2005

... (c) 2005 Q1 data were unavailable at the time of the May Report. ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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