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The Minsky Paradox and the Structural Contradiction of Big
The Minsky Paradox and the Structural Contradiction of Big

... But what is unsustainable cannot be sustained. As the housing bubble developed, both the internal and external imbalances of the US economy continued to widen. The imbalances could not keep expanding forever and had to be corrected at certain point. The bubble eventually collapsed more or less unde ...
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... asserts that the effects of QQE on the entire yield curve are equivalent to a lowering of the short-term policy rate by 2 percent. Further, lending has increased at a moderate pace. This ...
Fertility and mortality
Fertility and mortality

... The total fertility rate (TFR) of Australian women has declined since 1961 when it peaked at 3.5 births per woman during the post-World War II ‘baby boom’. Since the mid-1970s the TFR has been well below the rate needed for population replacement (Chart 11). At the same time, high standards of publi ...
Public Investment
Public Investment

... Different types of investment projects Three types could be treated differently: - The 1st type would be the project with an adequate internal rate of return, as compared to the placement of notes in the market - The 2nd type would be that which has, in its initial stages, an internal rate of retur ...
Wealth Inequality - Joseph Rowntree Foundation
Wealth Inequality - Joseph Rowntree Foundation

... bank and building society accounts. ...
Auxiliary Rate Calculation - Budget Office
Auxiliary Rate Calculation - Budget Office

... Only expenses that are related to the generation of revenue can be included in the rates  Only items paid for by the Auxiliary can be built into the rates  Charges should not exceed actual cost over the break-even period for Internal & Federally Sponsored C&G customers  Rates should be reviewed a ...
Downlaod File
Downlaod File

... General Motors and Toyota Motors are a huge and well-known successful motors companies. They have been operating since a long time now. Both companies provide unique and special services to their costumers specially their loyal customers. Definitely, in every case all investors are looking for a fir ...
Martin NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES OF MONETARY FLICY
Martin NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES OF MONETARY FLICY

... changes the effective tax rate on investits as well as the real net—of—tax interest rate. More specifically, historic cost depreciation and inventory accounting rules reduce substantially the real after—tax return on corporate investments (see Feldstein and Sununers, 1979). An easy—money policy rais ...
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Investment Update February 2011

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KEY SOCIAL INDICATORS
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working paper / xx/12 - Ministry of Social Development
working paper / xx/12 - Ministry of Social Development

... This paper presumes that, from a public policy perspective, any particular risk should be assigned to (or left with) whoever – the individual or the government – has an overall relative advantage in managing that particular risk. The advantage might derive from one or the other of those possessing b ...
Lecture 18
Lecture 18

... Practice Problem Solving given A MODEL. Suppose you are given the following: C = consumption G = govern. spending MD = money demand Id = investment spending T = taxes MS = money supply Y = national income/output r = interest rate Yd=disposable income C = 600 + 0.75Yd; Id = 2000 – 1500r ; G=100; T=1 ...
Eco120Int_Lecture7
Eco120Int_Lecture7

... – Politicians have to remain popular. No one likes taxes, and everyone likes new spending on themselves. Will a politician make an unpopular decision that may result in them losing the election if it is the best decision for the economy. – Electoral cycles: Governments have to be reelected every 3-4 ...
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NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES ON THE CONSEQUENCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE

... To this end, we use demographic projections from the United Nations, together with a large scale Overlapping Generations Model pioneered by Auerbach and Kotlikoff (1987). We extend the model to a multi-country version, as in Börsch-Supan et al. (2006), among many others, and also enrich the model by ...
Laborium 3 i 4
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... 1. GDP per capita in EUR versus GDP per capita in PPS (Penn World Table, OECD: PPP) Go to Eurostat webpage and download the data on: a) GDP per capita in EUR in 2013 for each of the EU 28 countries b) GDP per capita in PPS in 2013 for each of the EU 28 countries c) For which of the countries the dif ...
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Part I

The United States Economy at the Turn of the Century
The United States Economy at the Turn of the Century

... The main way has been to reduce the wages of workers. Various strategies have been used to reduce wages, including: direct cuts of wages (and benefits), the shift toward "contingent" jobs (such as parttime jobs, temporary jobs, etc.), "two tier" wage systems (in which new employees are hired at much ...
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Monetary Policy

... The growth rate of the price level is just the inflation rate •we can rewrite the quantity equation to help us understand the factors that determine inflation: Inflation rate = Growth rate of the money supply + Growth rate of velocity − Growth rate of real output ...
Quantifying the Effects of the Demographic Transition in Developing
Quantifying the Effects of the Demographic Transition in Developing

... The findings vary substantially by country and period, but a fair summary seems to be that the demographic changes of the past 30 years are associated to an acceleration in income per capita around 1% per year (Bloom, Canning and Sevilla, 2004) in developing regions. Even though this empirical appro ...
Quantifying the Effects of the Demographic Transition in Developing
Quantifying the Effects of the Demographic Transition in Developing

... important macroeconomic aggregates in the South, like saving rate, factor prices, and income per capita growth. To make the mechanisms at work more transparent, before studying the impact of the full demographic transition, we run three counterfactuals to report, separately, the impact of changes in ...
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Appendix A

... since June 2013. In addition, the Council is required to treat both borrowing and investments that mature within the financial year as variable, even though the interest rate on these instruments is at a fixed rate. It is vital that the indicators used support the oversight of the treasury managemen ...
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Ahmed-Presentation-by-GED-in-his-absence

...  Bangladesh has made impressive progress in poverty reduction;  Since independence, Government of Bangladesh has initiated various social safety net programs which have helped the poor and near-poor to address the downside risks and shocks that affect their well-being;  Household Income and Expen ...
Federal Debt Is Not Our Biggest Problem
Federal Debt Is Not Our Biggest Problem

... rate [i.e., costs] is above the growth rate [i.e., revenues], we get a rising debt ratio. If we carry this through eternity, that ratio gets big. Really big. OK, that sounds bad. And it is. Remember, that is a big part of the reason that the global financial crisis (GFC) hit: an over-indebted privat ...
Latin American Financial Crises and Recovery  Jan Kregel
Latin American Financial Crises and Recovery Jan Kregel

... Tight monetary policies that were considered necessary to bring inflation under control, as well as the perceived need to provide attractive returns to external investors in order to ensure the capital inflows to refinance outstanding debt and to provide finance for the modernisation of domestic ind ...
An empirical investigation of social protection expenditures on economic growth in Greece.
An empirical investigation of social protection expenditures on economic growth in Greece.

... This implies that the decrease in public expenditure was not generated in terms of cuttings in welfare state expenditure, but mostly through privatizations, shrinking the public sector and squeezing government consumption and investment. The most possible explanation for this increase in social pro ...
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Pensions crisis

The pensions crisis is a predicted difficulty in paying for corporate, state, and federal pensions in the United States and Europe, due to a difference between pension obligations and the resources set aside to fund them. Shifting demographics are causing a lower ratio of workers per retiree; contributing factors include retirees living longer (increasing the relative number of retirees), and lower birth rates (decreasing the relative number of workers, especially relative to the Post-WW2 Baby Boom). There is significant debate regarding the magnitude and importance of the problem, as well as the solutions.For example, as of 2008, the estimates for the underfunding of U.S. states' pension programs range from $1 trillion using the discount rate of 8% to $3.23 trillion using U.S. Treasury bond yields as the discount rate. The present value of unfunded obligations under Social Security as of August 2010 was approximately $5.4 trillion. In other words, this amount would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the program's shortfall between tax revenues and payouts over the next 75 years.Some economists question the concept of funding, and, therefore underfunding. Storing funds by governments, in the form of fiat currencies, is the functional equivalent of storing a collection of their own IOUs. They will be equally inflationary to newly written ones when they do come to be used.Reform ideas are in three primary categories: a) Addressing the worker-retiree ratio, via raising the retirement age, employment policy and immigration policy; b) Reducing obligations via shifting from defined benefit to defined contribution pension types and reducing future payment amounts (by, for example, adjusting the formula that determines the level of benefits); and c) Increasing resources to fund pensions via increasing contribution rates and raising taxes.
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