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4 Theories of the Public Sector
4 Theories of the Public Sector

... assume that gvn does not know this cost structure ...
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: NBER International Seminar on Macroeconomics
This PDF is a selection from a published volume from... Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: NBER International Seminar on Macroeconomics

... review both why simply placing the above setup in an open-economy environment will not solve the problem and why introducing nominal frictions is not a clear solution either. Under the assumption of a small open economy, good news about future productivity will now lead to an increase in both consum ...
Monthly statistics on the Public Sector Finances: A methodological
Monthly statistics on the Public Sector Finances: A methodological

NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE WEITZMAN MODEL REVISITED
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES THE WEITZMAN MODEL REVISITED

... with no government, no autonomous technical change and under competitive conditions, net income/product can be seen as the stationary-equivalent flow to discounted future consumption. This result is one way of formalizing Hicks’ (1939) third income measure that defines income as “[…] the maximum amo ...
Ch 10
Ch 10

... • During the latter part of 2008, Japan experienced a 2.5 percent inflation rate as its growing exports raised Japanese aggregate demand. • By 2010, Japan experienced a deflation rate of 2.5 percent as purchases of Japanese export goods by residents of the United States and other nations plunged, ca ...
Medium Term Budget Policy Statement
Medium Term Budget Policy Statement

... about three months before the annual budget. It sets out the economic context and assumptions that inform the following year’s budget, as well as the framework in which the budget is prepared. The budget framework consists of the fiscal framework, government spending priorities, the division of reso ...
Revised exam date: Tuesday, September 26, 2006
Revised exam date: Tuesday, September 26, 2006

... State and represent graphically the law of demand. Why is the demand relationship an inverse relationship? Fully distinguish between change in quantity demanded and change in demand. State and represent graphically the law of supply. Fully distinguish between change in quantity supplied and change i ...
What the Political System Can Do to Help the Fed
What the Political System Can Do to Help the Fed

Business Confidence and Depression Prevention: A Mesoeconomic
Business Confidence and Depression Prevention: A Mesoeconomic

... increase) in expected real aggregate demand. Due to space limitation, mathematical derivations of results are not presented here but are available in Ng (1992). As shown below, a fall in expected real aggregate demand will lead to a fall in aggregate output (and hence employment) by the full extent ...
Essay Questions
Essay Questions

... However, government budget deficit may change both private savings and investment, thus avoiding a creation of the twin deficits. An example is the European countries reducing their budget deficits just prior to the introduction of the euro in January 1999. Now, under the “twin deficits: theory,” on ...
money supply
money supply

... Monetary Control (e.g. the United States) • Making monetary policy in practice – The channels of monetary policy transmission • Exactly how does monetary policy affect economic activity and prices? – The interest rate channel: as seen in the IS-LM model, a decline in money supply raises real intere ...
Here - home
Here - home

... but is ' injected ' into the circular flow of income. It increases the level of aggregate demand and expenditure in the economy. Investment is expenditure on goods not for current consumption. It is used to make additions to the stock of capital in the economy. It is also an injection into the circu ...
The Unintended Consequences of the War on Poverty
The Unintended Consequences of the War on Poverty

... poverty rate may, in fact, be too high. Taking dynamic factors into consideration would probably lower the figure to less than 6 percent. This implies that the actual poverty rate in 2010 was more than twoand-one-half times higher than it could have been were it not for the excessive use of public a ...
PDF
PDF

... mainly represented through the ownership and especially the control of the corporate sector. It is certainly nothing new to say that if governments wanted to maximize social welfare they should concentrate on the provision of public goods, including “pure” public goods as well as other goods which t ...
Chapter 13 Money and the Economy
Chapter 13 Money and the Economy

... impacts the loanable funds market by causing a a. positive liquidity effect only. . b. negative liquidity effect, i.e. it reduces the supply of loanable funds. c. negative income effect as real GDP tends to declined. d. combination of effects including the liquidity effect, the price level effect, i ...
Unit 5 Practice MC Questions
Unit 5 Practice MC Questions

... 65. Every year at this time, Congress discovers, with a great public show of dismay and indignation, the existence of the American tax code and the agency that administers it, the Internal Revenue Service. There are high-minded calls for abolishing the current tax system and replacing it.... Around ...
The Great Recession, ‘Rainy Day’ Funds, and Countercyclical Fiscal Policy... Latin America
The Great Recession, ‘Rainy Day’ Funds, and Countercyclical Fiscal Policy... Latin America

... The current financial crisis has been the most severe and widespread that the international economy has experienced since the Great Depression of the 1930s. Although it originated in the United States, the crisis spread internationally very quickly. Developing countries in particular were affected t ...
about the authors - Macmillan Learning
about the authors - Macmillan Learning

queen`s university at kingston
queen`s university at kingston

... aggregate supply curve shifts downward and the economy moves downward along the aggregate demand curve, AD1. Ultimately in the long-run, the economy moves back to its original equilibrium at E1. So, after the supply shock the long-run equilibrium price, P1=1 and output, Y1=3000. At the long-run equi ...
Lecture 5: Aggregate Expenditure and Output in the Short Run
Lecture 5: Aggregate Expenditure and Output in the Short Run

... components of aggregate expenditure and define marginal propensity to consume and marginal propensity to save. ...
The Theory of Monetary Degradation as the Development of Post
The Theory of Monetary Degradation as the Development of Post

... investment activity and depress real output. External financing æ creation of credit money by banks and non-bank financial intermediaries - is very important for rapid economic growth. Post Keynesian economists believe that ñthe banks hold the key position in the transition from a lower to a higher ...
PDF Download
PDF Download

... currency board and entered the ERM II. As a result, Estonia’s basic interest policy was dictated by the ECB, which also influences the fiscal policy pursued by the euro countries through its new debt manage­ ment policies. For this reason the traditional recom­ mendations for combating recessions in ...
EDITragan_12ce_ch23
EDITragan_12ce_ch23

... For any given P, the AD curve shows the level of real GDP (Y) for which desired aggregate expenditure equals actual GDP (Y). ...
CHAP16
CHAP16

... causes an exchange rate appreciation, a fall in net exports (or increase in the trade deficit). 4. The Ricardian view holds that debt-financed tax ...
department of economics
department of economics

... The literature has considered several potential sources of autonomous demand, including exports, private consumption, residential investment and government consumption. I shall discuss each of these in turn. ...
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Fiscal multiplier

In economics, the fiscal multiplier (not to be confused with monetary multiplier) is the ratio of a change in national income to the change in government spending that causes it. More generally, the exogenous spending multiplier is the ratio of a change in national income to any autonomous change in spending (private investment spending, consumer spending, government spending, or spending by foreigners on the country's exports) that causes it. When this multiplier exceeds one, the enhanced effect on national income is called the multiplier effect. The mechanism that can give rise to a multiplier effect is that an initial incremental amount of spending can lead to increased consumption spending, increasing income further and hence further increasing consumption, etc., resulting in an overall increase in national income greater than the initial incremental amount of spending. In other words, an initial change in aggregate demand may cause a change in aggregate output (and hence the aggregate income that it generates) that is a multiple of the initial change.The existence of a multiplier effect was initially proposed by Keynes student Richard Kahn in 1930 and published in 1931. Some other schools of economic thought reject or downplay the importance of multiplier effects, particularly in terms of the long run. The multiplier effect has been used as an argument for the efficacy of government spending or taxation relief to stimulate aggregate demand.In certain cases multiplier values less than one have been empirically measured (an example is sports stadiums), suggesting that certain types of government spending crowd out private investment or consumer spending that would have otherwise taken place. This crowding out can occur because the initial increase in spending may cause an increase in interest rates or in the price level. In 2009, The Economist magazine noted ""economists are in fact deeply divided about how well, or indeed whether, such stimulus works"", partly because of a lack of empirical data from non-military based stimulus. New evidence came from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, whose benefits were projected based on fiscal multipliers and which was in fact followed - from 2010 to 2012 - by a slowing of job loss and private sector job growth.
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