policy disagreement and the transmission of - ECB
... can form expectations about the future course of scal policy by combining information conveyed by government announcements and privately collected information. In an economic system with dispersed information where the government has potentially superior information on its procedures, forecasts and ...
... can form expectations about the future course of scal policy by combining information conveyed by government announcements and privately collected information. In an economic system with dispersed information where the government has potentially superior information on its procedures, forecasts and ...
Economic Explorer 2 - Monetary Authority of Singapore
... Besides its direct impact on import prices, there is another, more indirect channel by which the exchange rate can affect domestic inflation. Because of the importance of exports in Singapore, the exchange rate can influence overall demand in the economy, and thus affect the demand for domestic reso ...
... Besides its direct impact on import prices, there is another, more indirect channel by which the exchange rate can affect domestic inflation. Because of the importance of exports in Singapore, the exchange rate can influence overall demand in the economy, and thus affect the demand for domestic reso ...
Imperfect Competition, Underemployment Equilibria and
... steady-state, zero-profit equilibria: those with higher employment feature also a higher real wage and welfare level (Section II), and stable equilibria alternate with unstable ones (Section III). Second, fiscal policies that lower national saving, such as a balanced-budget or debt-financed increase ...
... steady-state, zero-profit equilibria: those with higher employment feature also a higher real wage and welfare level (Section II), and stable equilibria alternate with unstable ones (Section III). Second, fiscal policies that lower national saving, such as a balanced-budget or debt-financed increase ...
study objectives and study questions
... 6. Actual national income represents what the economy does, in fact, produce. An important related concept is potential national income which measures what the economy could produce if all resources - land, labour, and productive capacity - were fully employed at their normal levels of utilization. ...
... 6. Actual national income represents what the economy does, in fact, produce. An important related concept is potential national income which measures what the economy could produce if all resources - land, labour, and productive capacity - were fully employed at their normal levels of utilization. ...
Direct, indirect and induced economic effects of the bicycle industry
... 2014 dollars using the Consumer Price Index (CPI) from the United States Bureau of the Labor Statistics. Output for bicycle rentals was also gathered from the Economic Census Product Line report. The Product Line report contains an estimate of sales for all recreational equipment rentals in 2012. Th ...
... 2014 dollars using the Consumer Price Index (CPI) from the United States Bureau of the Labor Statistics. Output for bicycle rentals was also gathered from the Economic Census Product Line report. The Product Line report contains an estimate of sales for all recreational equipment rentals in 2012. Th ...
Document
... The price of compact discs is determined by the demand and supply of compact discs in the market for compact discs. The interest rate (the price of borrowing or lending money) is determined by the supply and demand for money in the market for money. In both cases, the price is determined by the fact ...
... The price of compact discs is determined by the demand and supply of compact discs in the market for compact discs. The interest rate (the price of borrowing or lending money) is determined by the supply and demand for money in the market for money. In both cases, the price is determined by the fact ...
major econometric analysis of the Greek economic
... In 1934, five years into the Great Depression, the United States had experienced a loss of about 20 percent of GDP but its economic performance had begun to improve, reversing course and moving toward growth. In the case of Greece, which has lost more than 20 percent of GDP since the onset of the gl ...
... In 1934, five years into the Great Depression, the United States had experienced a loss of about 20 percent of GDP but its economic performance had begun to improve, reversing course and moving toward growth. In the case of Greece, which has lost more than 20 percent of GDP since the onset of the gl ...
The Economic Benefits of Public Infrastructure Spending in Canada
... largest cities. Many critical bridges and highways need immediate attention. And traffic gridlock in urban centres underscores the need for major investment to improve and expand public transit. While everyday experience suggests that Canada’s public infrastructure is in need of renewal, common obse ...
... largest cities. Many critical bridges and highways need immediate attention. And traffic gridlock in urban centres underscores the need for major investment to improve and expand public transit. While everyday experience suggests that Canada’s public infrastructure is in need of renewal, common obse ...
CD-ROM for students
... Exporting Countries (OPEC), artificially restricting supply. Without such market intervention, supply would probably have kept up with the growth of world demand, without the oil price rising significantly. But things have now changed. The world’s energy crisis referred to in the extract and in the ...
... Exporting Countries (OPEC), artificially restricting supply. Without such market intervention, supply would probably have kept up with the growth of world demand, without the oil price rising significantly. But things have now changed. The world’s energy crisis referred to in the extract and in the ...
Next BLOG discussion - The Unbroken Window
... campaigns. As government does and spends more, individuals try to influence government, both to advance their causes and to protect themselves from abuse. Government has grown enormously over the past few decades. Collectively, Americans today pay more than two-and-a-half times (in real terms) the ...
... campaigns. As government does and spends more, individuals try to influence government, both to advance their causes and to protect themselves from abuse. Government has grown enormously over the past few decades. Collectively, Americans today pay more than two-and-a-half times (in real terms) the ...
Document
... because nominal wages cannot fully adjust to changes in the money supply. For example, if the money supply increases 50% in the new-Keynesian model, nominal wages cannot increase by 50% because of nominal rigidity. As a result, the real wage will change which will affect unemployment, real interest ...
... because nominal wages cannot fully adjust to changes in the money supply. For example, if the money supply increases 50% in the new-Keynesian model, nominal wages cannot increase by 50% because of nominal rigidity. As a result, the real wage will change which will affect unemployment, real interest ...
Happy News from the Dismal Science: Reassessing Japanese
... or able to supply the government with credit, forcing a crisis in the form of monetizing or repudiating the debt. Similarly, if surpluses are too high, the government will be forced to purchase private assets and gradually nationalize the economy. Of course, many short run factors – e.g. macroeconom ...
... or able to supply the government with credit, forcing a crisis in the form of monetizing or repudiating the debt. Similarly, if surpluses are too high, the government will be forced to purchase private assets and gradually nationalize the economy. Of course, many short run factors – e.g. macroeconom ...
Work, well-being, and a new calling for
... expand telecommuting options or to offer flexible working hours could also help reduce traffic fatalities, as would improvements in public transportation infrastructure. Similar arguments apply if air pollution is a major culprit. For other pathways, such as work-related stress, it is less clear wha ...
... expand telecommuting options or to offer flexible working hours could also help reduce traffic fatalities, as would improvements in public transportation infrastructure. Similar arguments apply if air pollution is a major culprit. For other pathways, such as work-related stress, it is less clear wha ...
PDF
... of the estimates is questionable because unit root tests have low power when the number of observations is less than fifty as is often the case with univariate (annual) time-series studies.3 In light of the above, this paper estimates a pooled model that attempts to determine whether public capital ...
... of the estimates is questionable because unit root tests have low power when the number of observations is less than fifty as is often the case with univariate (annual) time-series studies.3 In light of the above, this paper estimates a pooled model that attempts to determine whether public capital ...
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES FISCAL RULES IN INDIA: ARE THEY EFFECTIVE?
... The fourth reason for disquiet about rising public debt burdens relates to the risk of an eventual monetisation of persistent deficits – fiscal dominance over monetary policy – and thus to their potential inflationary consequences, a pattern that India is not unfamiliar with (Buiter and Patel [1992] ...
... The fourth reason for disquiet about rising public debt burdens relates to the risk of an eventual monetisation of persistent deficits – fiscal dominance over monetary policy – and thus to their potential inflationary consequences, a pattern that India is not unfamiliar with (Buiter and Patel [1992] ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... of Economic Research Volume Title: Money in Historical Perspective
... of unemployment consistent with labor market forces, but at a higher rate of inflation. The measured unemployment rate is thus assumed to depend on the natural unemployment rate and the difference between the actual and expected inflation rates; that is, on the inflation forecast error, with some ra ...
... of unemployment consistent with labor market forces, but at a higher rate of inflation. The measured unemployment rate is thus assumed to depend on the natural unemployment rate and the difference between the actual and expected inflation rates; that is, on the inflation forecast error, with some ra ...
esp01-molana 221832 en
... (1994) and Dixon and Rankin (1995) where the latter also provides a survey. This paper diverges from the these studies by focusing on deriving an equilibrium relationship between output and unemployment, which is consistent with the evidence presented in Table 2, and examining the effect of demand s ...
... (1994) and Dixon and Rankin (1995) where the latter also provides a survey. This paper diverges from the these studies by focusing on deriving an equilibrium relationship between output and unemployment, which is consistent with the evidence presented in Table 2, and examining the effect of demand s ...
FISCAL AND MONETARY POLICY INTERACTIONS: A GAME
... Compulsory deposit requirements are deposits (in percentage terms) which commercial banks must hold in reserve with the central bank. This measure aims to reduce the risk of banks overextending themselves and suffering from bank runs. In addition, compulsory deposits regulate the money multiplier, w ...
... Compulsory deposit requirements are deposits (in percentage terms) which commercial banks must hold in reserve with the central bank. This measure aims to reduce the risk of banks overextending themselves and suffering from bank runs. In addition, compulsory deposits regulate the money multiplier, w ...
EC 102.07-08-09 Exercises for Chapter 33 SPRING 2006 1. Ceteris
... 25. Suppose the economy is in long-run equilibrium. Concerns about pollution cause the government to significantly restrict the production of electricity. At the same time, the value of the YTL falls. In the short-run we would expect a. real GDP will rise and the price level might rise, fall, or sta ...
... 25. Suppose the economy is in long-run equilibrium. Concerns about pollution cause the government to significantly restrict the production of electricity. At the same time, the value of the YTL falls. In the short-run we would expect a. real GDP will rise and the price level might rise, fall, or sta ...
chapter summary
... an increase in the supply of money reduces the interest rate, which increases investment. This boosts aggregate demand, which increases real output and the price level. The long-run approach focuses on the role of money through the equation of exchange, which states that the quantity of money, M, mu ...
... an increase in the supply of money reduces the interest rate, which increases investment. This boosts aggregate demand, which increases real output and the price level. The long-run approach focuses on the role of money through the equation of exchange, which states that the quantity of money, M, mu ...
This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from... Bureau of Economic Research
... their real income from savings but also on theirfictitiousincome as well. Without legislative action or public debate, effective tax rates on capital income of different types have been raised dramatically in the last decade. This process of raising the effective tax rate on capital income is hard f ...
... their real income from savings but also on theirfictitiousincome as well. Without legislative action or public debate, effective tax rates on capital income of different types have been raised dramatically in the last decade. This process of raising the effective tax rate on capital income is hard f ...
Public Debt and Post-Crisis Fiscal Policy in South Africa
... The result was for government spending to quickly outstrip revenue, causing the fiscal balance to turn to a deficit. This difference between spending and revenue was financed by the accumulation of public debt. From a public debt level of 26% of GDP in 2009, South Africa’s debt/GDP ratio rapidly in ...
... The result was for government spending to quickly outstrip revenue, causing the fiscal balance to turn to a deficit. This difference between spending and revenue was financed by the accumulation of public debt. From a public debt level of 26% of GDP in 2009, South Africa’s debt/GDP ratio rapidly in ...
Chapter 8 Measuring the Economy*s Performance
... Similar to how we included imports in C, I and G in the expenditure approach and subtracted it out later, when wages, rent, interest and profit are earned it includes those values for all nationals, whether the funds are earned in the US or abroad. BUT, GDP is a measure of production within the bord ...
... Similar to how we included imports in C, I and G in the expenditure approach and subtracted it out later, when wages, rent, interest and profit are earned it includes those values for all nationals, whether the funds are earned in the US or abroad. BUT, GDP is a measure of production within the bord ...
a study of business investment in the us post-crisis.
... explicit contribution to aggregate demand; the third category is particularly vital for future productivity growth and hence the supply-side development. Despite recent strong outlooks on both output and employment prospects in the US economy, business investment has remained below levels predicted ...
... explicit contribution to aggregate demand; the third category is particularly vital for future productivity growth and hence the supply-side development. Despite recent strong outlooks on both output and employment prospects in the US economy, business investment has remained below levels predicted ...