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Viruses I - University of Florida
Viruses I - University of Florida

... from other sources) Today, 80% of Hawaiian papaya is genetically engineered, and there is still no conventional or organic method to control ringspot virus. 13% of the zucchini grown in the US was genetically modified to resist three viruses. ...
National Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plan
National Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Plan

... recommended for high-risk persons. Influenza viruses circulating in the population are continuously evolving (antigenic drift and antigenic shift), which requires that vaccines be redesigned and produced annually to provide the best match to the influenza strains that are circulating. Pandemics occu ...
ZIKA VIRUS: INFORMATION FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
ZIKA VIRUS: INFORMATION FOR HEALTH PROFESSIONALS

... travellers returning from countries, or areas in the United States, with reported cases of mosquito-borne Zika virus transmission. ...
What are the symptoms of Pandemic Flu and what
What are the symptoms of Pandemic Flu and what

... For most people it is an unpleasant, but not life-threatening infection. People who are more at risk from it, like older people, can be given a vaccine each year. Influenza A (H5N1) or Bird flu and Influenza A (H1N1) swine flu are types of flu that occur in birds and animals and do not normally spre ...
EVALUATION OF VARIOUS TECHNIQUES USED FOR DIAGNOSIS
EVALUATION OF VARIOUS TECHNIQUES USED FOR DIAGNOSIS

... the disease has changed and become more severe than in early outbreaks in 1980s. In the recent years IBD become the most devasting disease of chicken in the Sudan with mortality rates that exceed 50% even in vaccinated flocks. Diagnosis of IBD was made mainly by the case history, clinical symptoms a ...
IMMUNE REACTIONS AGAINST THE RABBIT MYXOMA VIRUS
IMMUNE REACTIONS AGAINST THE RABBIT MYXOMA VIRUS

... day post infection IgM antibodies can be isolated and after the 11th day – IgG. The conclusion from this in vivo experiment shows that the virus suppress the cell-mediated /CD8+/, as well as the humural immune answer /antibodies production/. Cell mediated immunity in MYXV as in all Poxviridae member ...
The Spanish Flu – Part II: the second and third wave
The Spanish Flu – Part II: the second and third wave

... and very often also into the lung alveoles, causing thus pneumonia. Sometimes the influenza begins immediately with pneumonia, whereas it follows only after a few days of illness in most cases. It is not rare that patients get rid of the high temperature first and feel quite well for 3–5 days and in ...
Evaluating Transmission of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus to Cattle by
Evaluating Transmission of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus to Cattle by

... of a reverse transcription nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nPCR) to detect bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) associated with in vitro-derived bovine embryos and co-cultured cells. Theriogenol- ...
Influenza Immunization Elizabeth Boldon, RN, MSN Elizabeth
Influenza Immunization Elizabeth Boldon, RN, MSN Elizabeth

... illness depends on accurate and timely diagnosis. Early diagnosis of influenza can reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics and provide the option of using antiviral therapy. However, because certain bacterial infections can produce symptoms similar to influenza, bacterial infections should be co ...
Infectious diseases in exotic birds I.
Infectious diseases in exotic birds I.

... beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) • Avian Polyomavirus • Herpesvirus infection ...
Severe Febrile Respiratory Illnesses As a Cause
Severe Febrile Respiratory Illnesses As a Cause

... and can detect influenza A or B strains.14 These tests are useful for rapid testing in a field or mass casualty setting, but their use depends on the influenza activity in the community.31 During peak influenza season, rapid testing can be used to guide patient care or outbreak management. However, ...
officials have posted a new Frequently Asked Questions document
officials have posted a new Frequently Asked Questions document

... No. The pause applies to research that would create viruses with certain attributes. If the research does not include production of infectious, replication-competent virus, then it would not be subject to the pause. Are in silico or modeling studies of influenza, MERS, or SARS virus included in the ...
Biology, Transmission, and Pathogenesis
Biology, Transmission, and Pathogenesis

... time. The period of viral shedding in the saliva prior to or after the onset of clinical symptoms is not known for these animals; therefore, an appropriate observation period following an exposure cannot be ascertained. Animals can acquire the virus not only from bites and scratches with saliva cont ...


... influenza season which is usually between June and September. Generally it takes between 10 and 14 days for an immune response to the vaccine to develop and for a person to be protected from influenza. Getting the influenza vaccine will not stop a person from getting influenza if they are already in ...
Document
Document

... • Close Contact : is defined within 6 feet of an ill person who is a confirmed, probable or suspected case of influenza A (H1N1) virus infection during the infectious period. • Acute respiratory Illness : is defined as illness of recent onset with at least two of the following: ...
Rift Valley Fever
Rift Valley Fever

... A number of challenges remain for the control and prevention of RVF. Knowledge regarding how the virus is transmitted among mosquitoes and the role of vertebrates in propagating the virus must be answered to predict and control future outbreaks of RVF. Vaccines for veterinary use are available, but ...
Global transmission of influenza viruses from humans to swine
Global transmission of influenza viruses from humans to swine

... of sampling of influenza virus in humans, the duration of unsampled circulation in swine can be estimated simply and directly by the differences in time between when the isolates were collected in swine and when the most closely related human isolates were collected. For example, the eight H3N2 viru ...
What is cat `flu`? How is the disease spread? How do I know if my cat
What is cat `flu`? How is the disease spread? How do I know if my cat

... sick cat and always wash your hands after handling her. However, because she will have been infectious before the symptoms developed, it is likely that your other cats will already have been exposed to the disease and may develop symptoms. ...
SUPPLEMENT C: GROUPING OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS Table 4
SUPPLEMENT C: GROUPING OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS Table 4

... Note: Viruses act intracellularly and are able to utilise the information system of the host cells and act on the DNA, RNA, or protein level. Interpretation of the results in Figure 8 suggests that viruses are the most versatile agents as they were capable of causing disease in every organ system in ...
Viral Pathogenesis
Viral Pathogenesis

... Extremely virulent strains often occur within virus populations. Occasionally, these strains become dominant as a result of unusual selective pressures (see Ch. 48). The viral proteins and genes responsible for specific virulence functions are only just beginning to be identified. Fortunately for th ...
Title Univers Bold Italic, 36pt Align Left
Title Univers Bold Italic, 36pt Align Left

... happen in people who are around pigs • Swine flu viruses do not normally infect humans, however, human infections with swine flu do occur, and cases of human-tohuman spread of swine flu viruses have been documented ...
Staphylococcus aureus In a Small Poultry in South West, Nigeria.
Staphylococcus aureus In a Small Poultry in South West, Nigeria.

... the dairymen was not investigated (2). MRSA has since been reported in many diverse species including dogs(3,4)cats(5,6,7); psittacine birds(7,8), chickens(9). MRSA infections in companion animals involved strains resembling nosocomial strains including epidemic MRSA (EMRSA). When epidemic Hospital ...
Full Article (Word)-2121K(81)
Full Article (Word)-2121K(81)

... Quality control on Poultry production (RLQP), Egypt. The chickens were vaccinated with H120 strain of IBV at one day of age. Chickens showed respiratory symptoms such as gasping, coughing, sneezing and tracheal rales with white diarrhea in some cases. Necropsy showed mild to severe tracheitis with c ...
Concern over Zika virus outbreak: another alarming global
Concern over Zika virus outbreak: another alarming global

... Abstract: Zika virus, as highlighted by the World Health Organization in February 2016, has emerged as a public health emergency of international concern. Zika virus is enveloped and icosahedral, and has a nonsegmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. It belongs to Flaviviridae family. A ...
National Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Plan
National Influenza Pandemic Preparedness Plan

... The  precise  timing  of  a  pandemic  is  difficult  to  predict  and  therefore  mechanisms  within  a  preparedness package that enables early warning, ensures prompt and adequate responses and  allows  satisfactory  recovery  from  impact  are  vital.  Social  and  economic  impact  of  the  H1N ...
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Avian influenza

Avian influenza — known informally as avian flu or bird flu — refers to ""influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds."" The type with the greatest risk is highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI).""Bird flu"" is a phrase similar to ""swine flu,"" ""dog flu,"" ""horse flu,"" or ""human flu"" in that it refers to an illness caused by any of many different strains of influenza viruses that have adapted to a specific host. All known viruses that cause influenza in birds belong to the species influenza A virus. All subtypes (but not all strains of all subtypes) of influenza A virus are adapted to birds, which is why for many purposes avian flu virus is the influenza A virus. (Note, however, that the ""A"" does not stand for ""avian"").Adaptation is not exclusive. Being adapted toward a particular species does not preclude adaptations, or partial adaptations, toward infecting different species. In this way, strains of influenza viruses are adapted to multiple species, though may be preferential toward a particular host. For example, viruses responsible for influenza pandemics are adapted to both humans and birds. Recent influenza research into the genes of the Spanish flu virus shows it to have genes adapted to both birds and humans, with more of its genes from birds than less deadly later pandemic strains.While its most highly pathogenic strain (H5N1) had been spreading throughout Asia since 2003, avian influenza reached Europe in 2005, and the Middle East, as well as Africa, the following year. On January 22, 2012, China reported its second human death due to bird flu in a month following other fatalities in Vietnam and Cambodia. Companion birds in captivity and parrots are highly unlikely to contract the virus, and there has been no report of a companion bird with avian influenza since 2003. Pigeons do not contract or spread the virus. 84% of affected bird populations are composed of chicken and farm birds, while the 15% is made up of wild birds according to capture-and-release operations in the 2000s, during the SARs pandemic. The first deadly Canadian case was confirmed on January 3, 2014. On December 2, 2014, two turkey farms in British Columbia, Canada, had been placed under quarantine after the Canadian Food Inspection Agency confirmed an avian flu outbreak.
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