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A Theoretical Study of Atomic Trimers in the Critical Stability Region
A Theoretical Study of Atomic Trimers in the Critical Stability Region

... ; it is a sum of three pairwise long-range Coulomb potentials. In molecular or nuclear (three-body) systems, we do not know the potential exactly 3 . Here the three particles are complex, i.e. composed of other particles. This means that the total potential of the (three-body) system can no longer b ...
electrical field
electrical field

on the electrodynamics of moving bodies
on the electrodynamics of moving bodies

... neighbourhood of the magnet. In the conductor, however, we find an electromotive force, to which in itself there is no corresponding energy, but which gives rise—assuming equality of relative motion in the two cases discussed—to electric currents of the same path and intensity as those produced by t ...
Microscopic black holes - Lund University Publications
Microscopic black holes - Lund University Publications

... ignored for a long time. When talking about black holes people often use two distinct categories, hot (microscopic) black holes and cold (macroscopic) black holes. After Einstein in the early 20th century showed that photons were affected by gravity and developed general relativity, Karl Schwarzsch ...
On the Essence of Electric Charge
On the Essence of Electric Charge

... Pair production is the creation of an elementary particle and its antiparticle, by the interaction of an energetic photon with matter. The electron and positron pair is an example. In the GDM a photon is considered to be a transverse wavepacket [18], [13], whereas an elementary charge is considered ...
1 Static Electric Field
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On the consequences of bi-Maxwellian distributions on parallel electric fields.
On the consequences of bi-Maxwellian distributions on parallel electric fields.

... a sphere with radius X D must be much greater ...
Classical Electrodynamics - Duke Physics
Classical Electrodynamics - Duke Physics

Response to Physics Draft by AIP
Response to Physics Draft by AIP

... should be made to give teachers a clearer guide of the expectations of them and their students. These include indicating the various styles of practical activity that are possible as well as providing examples of extended experimental investigations in each Unit. This will be of value as the word ‘i ...
Theory of imbalanced electron-hole transport in conjugated polymers
Theory of imbalanced electron-hole transport in conjugated polymers

cavity types - CERN Accelerator School
cavity types - CERN Accelerator School

... high beta) than with NC standing-wave cavities! (E.g. XFEL cavities: ~23.6 MeV/m in a 9-cell 1300 MHz cavity, vs 3-4 MeV/m in traditional NC standing wave cavities.) do the optimisation + cost exercise for your specific application!! ...
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From Parametricity to Conservation Laws, via Noether`s Theorem

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Pearson Physics Level 30 Unit VI Forces and Fields: Unit VI Review
Pearson Physics Level 30 Unit VI Forces and Fields: Unit VI Review

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19. The electromagnetic constitutive relations

... Our analysis starts by considering a collection of identifiable particles whose geometrical dimensions are negligibly small. The collection is present in some domain D in three-dimensional space R3. Each particle carries a label by which is can be distinguished from all the other particles, and the ...
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AIEEE PHYSICS PAPER 2006 Model Solutions

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The electron-ion streaming instabilities driven by drift

... 2006] found that the ensemble mean of the ion-acoustic resistivity during the nonlinear regime is higher than estimates at quasi-linear saturation. In magnetic reconnections with a guide field, the Buneman instability produces electron holes, and the associated electron scattering off the holes enha ...
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Strong-field ionization of atoms and molecules by few

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We don`t generally encounter forces, even in our theoretical studies
We don`t generally encounter forces, even in our theoretical studies

... All of these statements would be true no matter how large or small were the electron’s mass; they depend only on α being small. Together these facts mean that in describing this atom-like state, Einstein’s theory of special relativity is not important; Newton’s laws of motion are good enough to make ...
The Electric Potential (Cont.)
The Electric Potential (Cont.)

... For parallel plates maintained at a constant potential difference V0 , the electric field E within the plates is constant: E= ...
Electric Field - Spring Branch ISD
Electric Field - Spring Branch ISD

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Introduction to gauge theory

A gauge theory is a type of theory in physics. Modern theories describe physical forces in terms of fields, e.g., the electromagnetic field, the gravitational field, and fields that describe forces between the elementary particles. A general feature of these field theories is that the fundamental fields cannot be directly measured; however, some associated quantities can be measured, such as charges, energies, and velocities. In field theories, different configurations of the unobservable fields can result in identical observable quantities. A transformation from one such field configuration to another is called a gauge transformation; the lack of change in the measurable quantities, despite the field being transformed, is a property called gauge invariance. Since any kind of invariance under a field transformation is considered a symmetry, gauge invariance is sometimes called gauge symmetry. Generally, any theory that has the property of gauge invariance is considered a gauge theory. For example, in electromagnetism the electric and magnetic fields, E and B, are observable, while the potentials V (""voltage"") and A (the vector potential) are not. Under a gauge transformation in which a constant is added to V, no observable change occurs in E or B.With the advent of quantum mechanics in the 1920s, and with successive advances in quantum field theory, the importance of gauge transformations has steadily grown. Gauge theories constrain the laws of physics, because all the changes induced by a gauge transformation have to cancel each other out when written in terms of observable quantities. Over the course of the 20th century, physicists gradually realized that all forces (fundamental interactions) arise from the constraints imposed by local gauge symmetries, in which case the transformations vary from point to point in space and time. Perturbative quantum field theory (usually employed for scattering theory) describes forces in terms of force-mediating particles called gauge bosons. The nature of these particles is determined by the nature of the gauge transformations. The culmination of these efforts is the Standard Model, a quantum field theory that accurately predicts all of the fundamental interactions except gravity.
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