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measurement techniques
measurement techniques

SPH4U Sample Test - Electric & Magnetic Fields
SPH4U Sample Test - Electric & Magnetic Fields

8 congruence, symmetry and similarity
8 congruence, symmetry and similarity

Conservation of charge
Conservation of charge

Interband optical investigation of Bloch oscillations in semiconductor superlattices TOPICAL REVIEW
Interband optical investigation of Bloch oscillations in semiconductor superlattices TOPICAL REVIEW

... oscillates in time with a characteristic dependence on the static electric field. These oscillations have been observed by several optical methods, both using detection of the interband polarization (four-wave mixing and photorefractive sampling) and intraband polarization (THz emission spectroscopy ...
Uses Of Electrostatics
Uses Of Electrostatics

Applications
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Phase-space holes due to electron and ion beams accelerated by a
Phase-space holes due to electron and ion beams accelerated by a

... is 50% of the density at the boundaries. (See Newman et al., 2001, for the shape of a similar density depression that differs only in width and depth.) A current depression is associated with this density depression, although similar results are found when the beam fluxes, and hence the currents, ar ...
Applications - Department of Electrical Engineering
Applications - Department of Electrical Engineering

The Gravitational Field
The Gravitational Field

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Chapter19

... acceleration is in the direction of the field If the particle has a negative charge, its acceleration is in the direction opposite the electric field Since the acceleration is constant, the kinematic equations can be used ...
Quantum Model for the Direct Currents of Becker
Quantum Model for the Direct Currents of Becker

... through the cell membrane are Josephson currents. If this is the case, the situation is automatically stationary and dissipation is small as various anomalies suggest. During nerve pulse the situation could of course change and the both dissipating ohmic currents and non-dissipating direct currents ...
Direct Evidence for a Magnetic f-Electron
Direct Evidence for a Magnetic f-Electron

ON THE ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MOVING BODIES By A. Einstein June 30, 1905
ON THE ELECTRODYNAMICS OF MOVING BODIES By A. Einstein June 30, 1905

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Introduction

... electrons and ions are very different constants). For ions, this relation holds up to high values of E, but not for electrons. The collisions between electrons and atoms or molecules become ...
Atomic Physics Notes
Atomic Physics Notes

The Ultimate Ballistic Drift Velocity in Carbon Nanotubes
The Ultimate Ballistic Drift Velocity in Carbon Nanotubes

... only in the quasifree direction; while the other two Cartesian directions are quantum-confined leading to a digital (quantized) energy spectrum. We report the salient features of the mobility and saturation velocity controlling the charge transport in a semiconducting single-walled CNT (SWCNT) chann ...
On the interaction of internal gravity waves with a magnetic field II
On the interaction of internal gravity waves with a magnetic field II

Quantum Mechanics in Three Dimensions
Quantum Mechanics in Three Dimensions

Electromagnetic Shells of Atoms and the Periodic System of Elements
Electromagnetic Shells of Atoms and the Periodic System of Elements

... not hear their the noise and vibration. Not there is no doubt that if would be vortexes of magnetic charges, organized in a conductor under the influence of electric current, were able to create noise and vibration, Maxwell would make a completely different conclusion about the true source of the ma ...
AP Physics Free Response Practice – Torque
AP Physics Free Response Practice – Torque

... An electric field is applied that causes the net force on the particle to be zero at point P. i. With reference to the coordinate system in Figure 2, what is the direction of the electric field at point P that could accomplish this? ii. Determine the magnitude of the electric field in terms of the g ...
Electric Field - Eleanor Roosevelt High School
Electric Field - Eleanor Roosevelt High School

ELECTRIC FIELDS AND POTENTIAL
ELECTRIC FIELDS AND POTENTIAL

... showed that it curves because there is an interaction between the ball and Earth—between their centers of gravity, to be exact. Their centers of gravity are quite far apart, so this is “action at a distance.” The idea that things not in contact could exert forces on one another bothered Isaac Newton ...
The Physics of Electrodynamic Ion Traps
The Physics of Electrodynamic Ion Traps

Measurements and numerical models for the evaluation of
Measurements and numerical models for the evaluation of

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Introduction to gauge theory

A gauge theory is a type of theory in physics. Modern theories describe physical forces in terms of fields, e.g., the electromagnetic field, the gravitational field, and fields that describe forces between the elementary particles. A general feature of these field theories is that the fundamental fields cannot be directly measured; however, some associated quantities can be measured, such as charges, energies, and velocities. In field theories, different configurations of the unobservable fields can result in identical observable quantities. A transformation from one such field configuration to another is called a gauge transformation; the lack of change in the measurable quantities, despite the field being transformed, is a property called gauge invariance. Since any kind of invariance under a field transformation is considered a symmetry, gauge invariance is sometimes called gauge symmetry. Generally, any theory that has the property of gauge invariance is considered a gauge theory. For example, in electromagnetism the electric and magnetic fields, E and B, are observable, while the potentials V (""voltage"") and A (the vector potential) are not. Under a gauge transformation in which a constant is added to V, no observable change occurs in E or B.With the advent of quantum mechanics in the 1920s, and with successive advances in quantum field theory, the importance of gauge transformations has steadily grown. Gauge theories constrain the laws of physics, because all the changes induced by a gauge transformation have to cancel each other out when written in terms of observable quantities. Over the course of the 20th century, physicists gradually realized that all forces (fundamental interactions) arise from the constraints imposed by local gauge symmetries, in which case the transformations vary from point to point in space and time. Perturbative quantum field theory (usually employed for scattering theory) describes forces in terms of force-mediating particles called gauge bosons. The nature of these particles is determined by the nature of the gauge transformations. The culmination of these efforts is the Standard Model, a quantum field theory that accurately predicts all of the fundamental interactions except gravity.
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