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Experimental observation of dissociative electron attachment to S2O
Experimental observation of dissociative electron attachment to S2O

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... including stars, galaxies and radiation Describe the solar system in terms of the Sun, planets, planetary satellites and comets Describe the formation of a star, such as our Sun, from interstellar dust and gas Describe the Sun’s probable evolution into a red giant and white dwarf Describe how a star ...
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... between divisions (this is clearly not possible with digital instrument anyway). Hence, the uncertainty cannot be less than ½ the smallest division of the instrument being used, and is recommended it be taken to be ± the smallest division. In some cases, however, it will be larger than this due to o ...
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... A. The gradient of the potential must have a larger magnitude at a place where the electric field is stronger. B. The gradient of the potential must have a smaller magnitude at a place where the electric field is stronger. C. The potential must be larger at a place where the electric field is strong ...
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Introduction to gauge theory

A gauge theory is a type of theory in physics. Modern theories describe physical forces in terms of fields, e.g., the electromagnetic field, the gravitational field, and fields that describe forces between the elementary particles. A general feature of these field theories is that the fundamental fields cannot be directly measured; however, some associated quantities can be measured, such as charges, energies, and velocities. In field theories, different configurations of the unobservable fields can result in identical observable quantities. A transformation from one such field configuration to another is called a gauge transformation; the lack of change in the measurable quantities, despite the field being transformed, is a property called gauge invariance. Since any kind of invariance under a field transformation is considered a symmetry, gauge invariance is sometimes called gauge symmetry. Generally, any theory that has the property of gauge invariance is considered a gauge theory. For example, in electromagnetism the electric and magnetic fields, E and B, are observable, while the potentials V (""voltage"") and A (the vector potential) are not. Under a gauge transformation in which a constant is added to V, no observable change occurs in E or B.With the advent of quantum mechanics in the 1920s, and with successive advances in quantum field theory, the importance of gauge transformations has steadily grown. Gauge theories constrain the laws of physics, because all the changes induced by a gauge transformation have to cancel each other out when written in terms of observable quantities. Over the course of the 20th century, physicists gradually realized that all forces (fundamental interactions) arise from the constraints imposed by local gauge symmetries, in which case the transformations vary from point to point in space and time. Perturbative quantum field theory (usually employed for scattering theory) describes forces in terms of force-mediating particles called gauge bosons. The nature of these particles is determined by the nature of the gauge transformations. The culmination of these efforts is the Standard Model, a quantum field theory that accurately predicts all of the fundamental interactions except gravity.
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