Although ABA is mainly made in the leaves and the root cap, all
... ABA-induced Ca2+ increase is mediated by second messengers, IP3 and cADPR. cADPR has been shown to induce cytosolic Ca2+ increase and stomatal closure in Commelina guard cells (Leckie et al., 1998). Also in tomato hypocotyls cells, microinjected cADPR induced ABA-inducible gene expression that can ...
... ABA-induced Ca2+ increase is mediated by second messengers, IP3 and cADPR. cADPR has been shown to induce cytosolic Ca2+ increase and stomatal closure in Commelina guard cells (Leckie et al., 1998). Also in tomato hypocotyls cells, microinjected cADPR induced ABA-inducible gene expression that can ...
Vertebrate Virus-Encoded MicroRNAs and Their Sequence
... miRNAs play important roles in the maintenance of viral latency. miRNAs involved in the avoidance of the host immune system are classified in group II. An example of this is polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40) miRNA (sv40-miR-S1) downregulation of the expression of the viral T-antigen, which is a t ...
... miRNAs play important roles in the maintenance of viral latency. miRNAs involved in the avoidance of the host immune system are classified in group II. An example of this is polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40) miRNA (sv40-miR-S1) downregulation of the expression of the viral T-antigen, which is a t ...
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection: virus
... titer in the culture media of the infected cells [38]. Intriguingly, in the same study, the authors reported that MERS-CoV induced no IFN-β and marginal IFN-α expression in infected dendritic cells. On the other hand, MERS-CoV triggered substantial expression of IFN-γ, IL-12, IP-10/CXCL-10 and RANTE ...
... titer in the culture media of the infected cells [38]. Intriguingly, in the same study, the authors reported that MERS-CoV induced no IFN-β and marginal IFN-α expression in infected dendritic cells. On the other hand, MERS-CoV triggered substantial expression of IFN-γ, IL-12, IP-10/CXCL-10 and RANTE ...
Expression and immunogenicity of the entire human T cell
... these methods of prevention are ineffective and impractical; thus there is a need for additional interventional strategies such as vaccines to control the spread of HTLV-I infection. Efforts to develop a subunit vaccine against HTLV-I 0001-1127 © 1993 SGM ...
... these methods of prevention are ineffective and impractical; thus there is a need for additional interventional strategies such as vaccines to control the spread of HTLV-I infection. Efforts to develop a subunit vaccine against HTLV-I 0001-1127 © 1993 SGM ...
Identification of a host protein essential for assembly of immature
... or HuHP68±GST to reactions programmed with immunodepleted extract produced a threefold increase in the amount of 750S capsid, restoring 750S capsids to levels seen in non-depleted extracts (Fig. 4c and data not shown). This reconstitution had no effect on Gag synthesis, indicating a post-translation ...
... or HuHP68±GST to reactions programmed with immunodepleted extract produced a threefold increase in the amount of 750S capsid, restoring 750S capsids to levels seen in non-depleted extracts (Fig. 4c and data not shown). This reconstitution had no effect on Gag synthesis, indicating a post-translation ...
Interferon
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses.IFNs belong to the large class of proteins known as cytokines, molecules used for communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that help eradicate pathogens. Interferons are named for their ability to ""interfere"" with viral replication by protecting cells from virus infections. IFNs also have various other functions: they activate immune cells, such as natural killer cells and macrophages; they increase host defenses by up-regulating antigen presentation by virtue of increasing the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. Certain symptoms of infections, such as fever, muscle pain and ""flu-like symptoms"", are also caused by the production of IFNs and other cytokines.More than twenty distinct IFN genes and proteins have been identified in animals, including humans. They are typically divided among three classes: Type I IFN, Type II IFN, and Type III IFN. IFNs belonging to all three classes are important for fighting viral infections and for the regulation of the immune system.