Viral Infection and immunity
... Interferons-gamma activate macrophages Interferons increase MHC antigen expression Interferons regulate the activities of T cells Other actions Interferons regulate inflammatory processes Interferons regulate tumor growth ...
... Interferons-gamma activate macrophages Interferons increase MHC antigen expression Interferons regulate the activities of T cells Other actions Interferons regulate inflammatory processes Interferons regulate tumor growth ...
The Genetic Evolution of H5N1
... H5N1 avian influenza was initially confined to poultry, but in recent years it has emerged as a highly fatal infectious disease in the human population. In 1997 in Hong Kong, H5N1 crossed the avian-human species barrier for the first time. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A viruses have spread relen ...
... H5N1 avian influenza was initially confined to poultry, but in recent years it has emerged as a highly fatal infectious disease in the human population. In 1997 in Hong Kong, H5N1 crossed the avian-human species barrier for the first time. Highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza A viruses have spread relen ...
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... Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, and 2Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus; GAS) is one of the most versatile bacteria among human pathogens. Non-invasive GAS infections can cause com ...
... Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, and 2Department of Bacteriology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus; GAS) is one of the most versatile bacteria among human pathogens. Non-invasive GAS infections can cause com ...
Immune System notes
... Other parasitic organisms such as fungi and some protozoans are also considered pathogens. NOT ALL microbes are harmful, the word pathogen refers specifically only to microbes that cause disease. ...
... Other parasitic organisms such as fungi and some protozoans are also considered pathogens. NOT ALL microbes are harmful, the word pathogen refers specifically only to microbes that cause disease. ...
Cell-Cell Interactions (Lectures 22-23)
... 6.) Where are most ECM components synthesized in animal cells? Where are they processed? How are they secreted from the cell? 7.) What will dictate variation in both the amount of and composition of ECM in animals? 8.) Why are integrins an important protein for cell-cell interaction? 9.) What is the ...
... 6.) Where are most ECM components synthesized in animal cells? Where are they processed? How are they secreted from the cell? 7.) What will dictate variation in both the amount of and composition of ECM in animals? 8.) Why are integrins an important protein for cell-cell interaction? 9.) What is the ...
Virus article
... viral proteins involved in infection. By that description, a virus seems more like a chemistry set than an organism. But when a virus enters a cell (called a host after infection), it is far from inactive. It sheds its coat, bares its genes and induces the cell’s own replication machinery to reprodu ...
... viral proteins involved in infection. By that description, a virus seems more like a chemistry set than an organism. But when a virus enters a cell (called a host after infection), it is far from inactive. It sheds its coat, bares its genes and induces the cell’s own replication machinery to reprodu ...
of virus infection
... • Body surface • Early non-specific or innate immune – Interferon (IFN) • Type I IFNs (IFN α and IFN β) (virus-infected cells) • Type II IFN or IFN γ (activated T and NK cells) ...
... • Body surface • Early non-specific or innate immune – Interferon (IFN) • Type I IFNs (IFN α and IFN β) (virus-infected cells) • Type II IFN or IFN γ (activated T and NK cells) ...
Oncogenic Viruses
... • Packaging cell line has E gene integrated and expressed (less likely crossover) • “Gutless” vectors have only the inverted terminal repeats (ITR) and a packaging signal and get all other gene products in trans in packaging cell ...
... • Packaging cell line has E gene integrated and expressed (less likely crossover) • “Gutless” vectors have only the inverted terminal repeats (ITR) and a packaging signal and get all other gene products in trans in packaging cell ...
Interferon
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses.IFNs belong to the large class of proteins known as cytokines, molecules used for communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that help eradicate pathogens. Interferons are named for their ability to ""interfere"" with viral replication by protecting cells from virus infections. IFNs also have various other functions: they activate immune cells, such as natural killer cells and macrophages; they increase host defenses by up-regulating antigen presentation by virtue of increasing the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. Certain symptoms of infections, such as fever, muscle pain and ""flu-like symptoms"", are also caused by the production of IFNs and other cytokines.More than twenty distinct IFN genes and proteins have been identified in animals, including humans. They are typically divided among three classes: Type I IFN, Type II IFN, and Type III IFN. IFNs belonging to all three classes are important for fighting viral infections and for the regulation of the immune system.