Animal model for study of human hepatitis viruses
... that is divergent from known human and ape HBV has also been confirmed.42 Titration of HBV infectivity, which previously could only be carried out using chimpanzees, can be carried out effectively using chimeric mice.43 Taking advantage of the absence of human immune cells in the chimeric mice, Nogu ...
... that is divergent from known human and ape HBV has also been confirmed.42 Titration of HBV infectivity, which previously could only be carried out using chimpanzees, can be carried out effectively using chimeric mice.43 Taking advantage of the absence of human immune cells in the chimeric mice, Nogu ...
Lysogeny and Lytic Viral Production during a Bloom of the
... the induction of lysogens in 8.32 ´ 102 cyanobacteria mL)1, or 0.6% of the cyanobacteria. Again, this only accounts for cyanophage that were produced that can be titered on Synechococcus strain DC2. Because not all lysogens can be induced with mitomycin C, the incubations in this study provide a met ...
... the induction of lysogens in 8.32 ´ 102 cyanobacteria mL)1, or 0.6% of the cyanobacteria. Again, this only accounts for cyanophage that were produced that can be titered on Synechococcus strain DC2. Because not all lysogens can be induced with mitomycin C, the incubations in this study provide a met ...
Growth Factors
... viruses. This resistance was induced by a substance secreted by virally infected cells which was named interferon It has been shown that most species actually produce a whole range of interferons. Humans produce at least three distinct classes, IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-γ. ...
... viruses. This resistance was induced by a substance secreted by virally infected cells which was named interferon It has been shown that most species actually produce a whole range of interferons. Humans produce at least three distinct classes, IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-γ. ...
chronic viral hepatitis
... cytoplasm of hepatocytes; they may appear a few days after an alcohol binge, but are almost always present in heavy drinkers (> 80 g of alcohol per day for > 5 years). Fatty liver may occur, however, with obesity, diabetes mellitus, starvation and chronic hepatitis C virus infection ...
... cytoplasm of hepatocytes; they may appear a few days after an alcohol binge, but are almost always present in heavy drinkers (> 80 g of alcohol per day for > 5 years). Fatty liver may occur, however, with obesity, diabetes mellitus, starvation and chronic hepatitis C virus infection ...
Hepatitis B Virus Infection — Natural History and
... The preC–C (precore–core) region encodes hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). These two proteins are also derived by alternative initiation of translation at two in-frame AUG codons.15,19 The internal AUG encodes the 21-kD C protein, the structural polypeptide of the v ...
... The preC–C (precore–core) region encodes hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). These two proteins are also derived by alternative initiation of translation at two in-frame AUG codons.15,19 The internal AUG encodes the 21-kD C protein, the structural polypeptide of the v ...
Receptor-Mediated Entry by Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Utilizes
... agent and processed identically to the treated cells to measure the respective levels of virus entry. As summarized in Fig. 1, the results of these inhibition assays revealed substantial reduction of early RT products, and thus virus entry, in all cell types by treatments with BafA1, CA, or ammonium ...
... agent and processed identically to the treated cells to measure the respective levels of virus entry. As summarized in Fig. 1, the results of these inhibition assays revealed substantial reduction of early RT products, and thus virus entry, in all cell types by treatments with BafA1, CA, or ammonium ...
Characterization of infectious Murray Valley encephalitis virus
... An infectious cDNA clone of Murray Valley encephalitis virus prototype strain 1-51 (MVE-1-51) was constructed by stably inserting genome-length cDNA into the low-copy-number plasmid vector pMC18. Designated pMVE-1-51, the clone consisted of genome-length cDNA of MVE-1-51 under the control of a T7 RN ...
... An infectious cDNA clone of Murray Valley encephalitis virus prototype strain 1-51 (MVE-1-51) was constructed by stably inserting genome-length cDNA into the low-copy-number plasmid vector pMC18. Designated pMVE-1-51, the clone consisted of genome-length cDNA of MVE-1-51 under the control of a T7 RN ...
Chapter 5 Lodish 6E
... Analyze the Data: Using RNAi RNA interference (RNAi) is a process of post-transcriptional gene silencing mediated by short double-stranded RNA molecules called siRNA (small interfering RNAs). In mammalian cells, transfection of 21–22 nucleotide siRNAs leads to degradation of mRNA molecules that cont ...
... Analyze the Data: Using RNAi RNA interference (RNAi) is a process of post-transcriptional gene silencing mediated by short double-stranded RNA molecules called siRNA (small interfering RNAs). In mammalian cells, transfection of 21–22 nucleotide siRNAs leads to degradation of mRNA molecules that cont ...
Virus entry into a polarized epithelial cell line (MDCK)
... BCV or influenza C virus. Bound virus was detected by a colour assay based on the viral acetylesterase as described elsewhere (Schultze et al., I993). • Gangliosides. MDCK I and MDCK II cells were pretreated with sialidase from C. perfringens (1 U/ml) for I h at 37 °C. Following incubation with BBG ...
... BCV or influenza C virus. Bound virus was detected by a colour assay based on the viral acetylesterase as described elsewhere (Schultze et al., I993). • Gangliosides. MDCK I and MDCK II cells were pretreated with sialidase from C. perfringens (1 U/ml) for I h at 37 °C. Following incubation with BBG ...
Interferon
Interferons (IFNs) are a group of signaling proteins made and released by host cells in response to the presence of several pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, and also tumor cells. In a typical scenario, a virus-infected cell will release interferons causing nearby cells to heighten their anti-viral defenses.IFNs belong to the large class of proteins known as cytokines, molecules used for communication between cells to trigger the protective defenses of the immune system that help eradicate pathogens. Interferons are named for their ability to ""interfere"" with viral replication by protecting cells from virus infections. IFNs also have various other functions: they activate immune cells, such as natural killer cells and macrophages; they increase host defenses by up-regulating antigen presentation by virtue of increasing the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. Certain symptoms of infections, such as fever, muscle pain and ""flu-like symptoms"", are also caused by the production of IFNs and other cytokines.More than twenty distinct IFN genes and proteins have been identified in animals, including humans. They are typically divided among three classes: Type I IFN, Type II IFN, and Type III IFN. IFNs belonging to all three classes are important for fighting viral infections and for the regulation of the immune system.