Electron beam collimation with a 40000 tip metallic double
... results in a highly non-uniform beam across the array and limits the total current, making the requirement for the rtip uniformity stringent.22 In the case of single-gate FEAs, the rtip distribution of as-fabricated FEAs can be improved by an application of high potential switching pulses and blunti ...
... results in a highly non-uniform beam across the array and limits the total current, making the requirement for the rtip uniformity stringent.22 In the case of single-gate FEAs, the rtip distribution of as-fabricated FEAs can be improved by an application of high potential switching pulses and blunti ...
Electron Temperature Structures Associated With Magnetic Tearing
... island. Local power balance calculations suggest reduced thermal transport within this island. During improved confinement plasmas with reduced stochasticity, brought about by a reduction in tearing instability temperature fluctuations correlated with magnetic modes are small with characteristic flu ...
... island. Local power balance calculations suggest reduced thermal transport within this island. During improved confinement plasmas with reduced stochasticity, brought about by a reduction in tearing instability temperature fluctuations correlated with magnetic modes are small with characteristic flu ...
"Positron scattering from atoms and molecules using a magnetized beam" Phys. Rev. A 66 (2002), 042708. J.P. Sullivan, S.J. Gilbert, J.P. Marler, R.G. Greaves, S.J. Buckman and C.M. Surko (PDF)
... range and precision of these pioneering studies, especially for the case of low impact energy, leaving a wide range of positron interactions yet to be fully investigated 关26兴. With the development of buffer-gas traps, which provide a thermal source of positrons 关27兴, came the opportunity to develop ...
... range and precision of these pioneering studies, especially for the case of low impact energy, leaving a wide range of positron interactions yet to be fully investigated 关26兴. With the development of buffer-gas traps, which provide a thermal source of positrons 关27兴, came the opportunity to develop ...
moving charges and magnetism
... just an artefact but has a physical role. It can convey energy and momentum and is not established instantaneously but takes finite time to propagate. The concept of a field was specially stressed by Faraday and was incorporated by Maxwell in his unification of electricity and magnetism. In addition ...
... just an artefact but has a physical role. It can convey energy and momentum and is not established instantaneously but takes finite time to propagate. The concept of a field was specially stressed by Faraday and was incorporated by Maxwell in his unification of electricity and magnetism. In addition ...
Bose-Einstein Condensation of Optically Trapped Cesium Dissertation
... electron makes it a boson. The energetically lowest electronic states of this heaviest stable alkali atom are shown in Fig. 2.1. The transition from the 62 S1/2 ground state to the 62 P3/2 excited state (the D2 line) is the closed transition employed in 133 Cs laser cooling. The natural line width o ...
... electron makes it a boson. The energetically lowest electronic states of this heaviest stable alkali atom are shown in Fig. 2.1. The transition from the 62 S1/2 ground state to the 62 P3/2 excited state (the D2 line) is the closed transition employed in 133 Cs laser cooling. The natural line width o ...
The goals of this chapter are to understand
... metal is typically in the range of 1.5 to 7 eV, as shown in Table 16.3. The Fermi energy is measured with experimental techniques, such as low-energy X-ray spectroscopy, which is discussed in Section 15.3.1. Experimental measurements have confirmed the results of the quantum mechanical theory of ele ...
... metal is typically in the range of 1.5 to 7 eV, as shown in Table 16.3. The Fermi energy is measured with experimental techniques, such as low-energy X-ray spectroscopy, which is discussed in Section 15.3.1. Experimental measurements have confirmed the results of the quantum mechanical theory of ele ...
The Standard Model of Electroweak Interactions
... The first line contains the correct kinetic terms for the different fields, which give rise to the corresponding propagators. The colour interaction between quarks and gluons is given by the second line; it involves a the SU (3)C matrices λa . Finally, owing to the non-abelian character of the colou ...
... The first line contains the correct kinetic terms for the different fields, which give rise to the corresponding propagators. The colour interaction between quarks and gluons is given by the second line; it involves a the SU (3)C matrices λa . Finally, owing to the non-abelian character of the colou ...
Lifetime of Rubidium Rydberg Atoms in a Magneto - UvA-DARE
... Rydberg atoms, atoms with one or more outer electrons in states with high principal quantum number n, are a popular subject in current atom physics. Their unique properties make Rydberg atoms a testing ground for several quantum mechanical phenomena. The ongoing research in the group I joined for th ...
... Rydberg atoms, atoms with one or more outer electrons in states with high principal quantum number n, are a popular subject in current atom physics. Their unique properties make Rydberg atoms a testing ground for several quantum mechanical phenomena. The ongoing research in the group I joined for th ...
Physics, Biology
... referred to as classical physics. Modern physics, developed to explain the quantum properties at the atomic and sub-atomic level, is built on knowledge of these classical theories and concepts. Students should think of physics in terms of scales. Whereas the classical theories such as Newton’s laws ...
... referred to as classical physics. Modern physics, developed to explain the quantum properties at the atomic and sub-atomic level, is built on knowledge of these classical theories and concepts. Students should think of physics in terms of scales. Whereas the classical theories such as Newton’s laws ...
Stability of accretion discs threaded by a strong magnetic field
... where S is the surface mass density and cs the sound speed. A small-scale dynamo process like the magnetic turbulence seen in these simulations does not create a net flux of field lines through the disc (Hawley 2000), and the overall field structure is therefore at least of quadruple order at large ...
... where S is the surface mass density and cs the sound speed. A small-scale dynamo process like the magnetic turbulence seen in these simulations does not create a net flux of field lines through the disc (Hawley 2000), and the overall field structure is therefore at least of quadruple order at large ...
Magnetic form factors of rare earth ions
... neutron techniques to obtain precise measurements of rare earth form f a c t o r s . O f principal interest among these experiments are the ...
... neutron techniques to obtain precise measurements of rare earth form f a c t o r s . O f principal interest among these experiments are the ...
Condensed matter physics
Condensed matter physics is a branch of physics that deals with the physical properties of condensed phases of matter. Condensed matter physicists seek to understand the behavior of these phases by using physical laws. In particular, these include the laws of quantum mechanics, electromagnetism and statistical mechanics.The most familiar condensed phases are solids and liquids, while more exotic condensed phases include the superconducting phase exhibited by certain materials at low temperature, the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on atomic lattices, and the Bose–Einstein condensate found in cold atomic systems. The study of condensed matter physics involves measuring various material properties via experimental probes along with using techniques of theoretical physics to develop mathematical models that help in understanding physical behavior.The diversity of systems and phenomena available for study makes condensed matter physics the most active field of contemporary physics: one third of all American physicists identify themselves as condensed matter physicists, and the Division of Condensed Matter Physics is the largest division at the American Physical Society. The field overlaps with chemistry, materials science, and nanotechnology, and relates closely to atomic physics and biophysics. Theoretical condensed matter physics shares important concepts and techniques with theoretical particle and nuclear physics.A variety of topics in physics such as crystallography, metallurgy, elasticity, magnetism, etc., were treated as distinct areas, until the 1940s when they were grouped together as solid state physics. Around the 1960s, the study of physical properties of liquids was added to this list, forming the basis for the new, related specialty of condensed matter physics. According to physicist Phil Anderson, the term was coined by him and Volker Heine when they changed the name of their group at the Cavendish Laboratories, Cambridge from ""Solid state theory"" to ""Theory of Condensed Matter"" in 1967, as they felt it did not exclude their interests in the study of liquids, nuclear matter and so on. Although Anderson and Heine helped popularize the name ""condensed matter"", it had been present in Europe for some years, most prominently in the form of a journal published in English, French, and German by Springer-Verlag titled Physics of Condensed Matter, which was launched in 1963. The funding environment and Cold War politics of the 1960s and 1970s were also factors that lead some physicists to prefer the name ""condensed matter physics"", which emphasized the commonality of scientific problems encountered by physicists working on solids, liquids, plasmas, and other complex matter, over ""solid state physics"", which was often associated with the industrial applications of metals and semiconductors. The Bell Telephone Laboratories was one of the first institutes to conduct a research program in condensed matter physics.References to ""condensed"" state can be traced to earlier sources. For example, in the introduction to his 1947 ""Kinetic theory of liquids"" book, Yakov Frenkel proposed that ""The kinetic theory of liquids must accordingly be developed as a generalization and extension of the kinetic theory of solid bodies"". As a matter of fact, it would be more correct to unify them under the title of ""condensed bodies"".