Predicted effects of mineral neutralization and bisulfate - CE-CERT
... is often favored because of its low cost (4), but pretreatment is still among the most costly steps in a biomass-to-fuels-and-chemicals process (5,6). When considered for process design, several factors are responsible for the high capital and operating costs of dilute-acid pretreatment processes. F ...
... is often favored because of its low cost (4), but pretreatment is still among the most costly steps in a biomass-to-fuels-and-chemicals process (5,6). When considered for process design, several factors are responsible for the high capital and operating costs of dilute-acid pretreatment processes. F ...
Link to file - UH Department of Chemical and Biomolecular
... are negative ions instead of electrons. In practice, some electrons may still be present. Ion–ion plasmas may form in the (temporal) afterglow of pulsed discharges in electronegative gases [13,14]. The plasma grows during power ON (activeglow) and decays during power OFF (afterglow). For a long enou ...
... are negative ions instead of electrons. In practice, some electrons may still be present. Ion–ion plasmas may form in the (temporal) afterglow of pulsed discharges in electronegative gases [13,14]. The plasma grows during power ON (activeglow) and decays during power OFF (afterglow). For a long enou ...
Plant respiration under low oxygen
... was observed that altering the activities of these enzymes caused only minor changes in respiration rates (Hajirezaei et al., 2006; Oliver et al., 2008). This indicates that there are other key points in the regulation of respiration. Studies in different organisms (bacteria and mammals) show that o ...
... was observed that altering the activities of these enzymes caused only minor changes in respiration rates (Hajirezaei et al., 2006; Oliver et al., 2008). This indicates that there are other key points in the regulation of respiration. Studies in different organisms (bacteria and mammals) show that o ...
Digestive Enzymes - Village Health Clinic
... Those with chronic pancreatitis need to discuss enzyme intakes with their physician. Under medical supervision, seriously ill people with pancreatic insufficiency caused by pancreatitis are given very high levels of enzymes to improve fat digestion. In one successful trial, enough pancreatin was us ...
... Those with chronic pancreatitis need to discuss enzyme intakes with their physician. Under medical supervision, seriously ill people with pancreatic insufficiency caused by pancreatitis are given very high levels of enzymes to improve fat digestion. In one successful trial, enough pancreatin was us ...
Biology: Cellular Respiration Practice Problems
... 14. On average, how many ATP can be made from each NADH during the electron transport process? 15. On average, how many ATP can be made from each FADH2 during the electron transport process? 16. What would happen to the cellular respiration process if the enzyme for one step of the process were miss ...
... 14. On average, how many ATP can be made from each NADH during the electron transport process? 15. On average, how many ATP can be made from each FADH2 during the electron transport process? 16. What would happen to the cellular respiration process if the enzyme for one step of the process were miss ...
Cellular Respiration Harvesting Chemical Energy
... ancient pathway which harvests energy where energy transfer first evolved transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP still is starting point for ALL cellular respiration ...
... ancient pathway which harvests energy where energy transfer first evolved transfer energy from organic molecules to ATP still is starting point for ALL cellular respiration ...
Cold atom-ion experiments in hybrid traps
... where E col denotes the collision energy. Thus, the semiclassical atom–ion cross-section is energy-dependent and increases with decreasing energy. Elastic atom–ion collisions can be roughly grouped into two categories. (1) The glancing collisions in which particles are only slightly deflected and ar ...
... where E col denotes the collision energy. Thus, the semiclassical atom–ion cross-section is energy-dependent and increases with decreasing energy. Elastic atom–ion collisions can be roughly grouped into two categories. (1) The glancing collisions in which particles are only slightly deflected and ar ...
Control of cytoplasmic pH under anoxic
... pH and membrane potential. Since ion-selective microelectrodes pick up a mixed electrical signal, which consists of both the membrane potential difference and the free ion concentration, a separate microelectrode which measures the membrane potential, had to be inserted into the same cell. In some c ...
... pH and membrane potential. Since ion-selective microelectrodes pick up a mixed electrical signal, which consists of both the membrane potential difference and the free ion concentration, a separate microelectrode which measures the membrane potential, had to be inserted into the same cell. In some c ...
CHAPTER 6
... • Some transport must occur such that solutes flow against thermodynamic potential. • Energy input drives transport. • Energy source and transport machinery are "coupled“. • Energy source may be ATP, light or a concentration gradient. • Active transport: Energy driven process • Primary active transp ...
... • Some transport must occur such that solutes flow against thermodynamic potential. • Energy input drives transport. • Energy source and transport machinery are "coupled“. • Energy source may be ATP, light or a concentration gradient. • Active transport: Energy driven process • Primary active transp ...
Substrate-Promoted Formation of a Catalytically Competent
... Abstract: The glycerophosphodiesterase (GpdQ) from Enterobacter aerogenes is a promiscuous binuclear metallohydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of mono-, di-, and triester substrates, including some organophosphate pesticides and products of the degradation of nerve agents. GpdQ has attracted re ...
... Abstract: The glycerophosphodiesterase (GpdQ) from Enterobacter aerogenes is a promiscuous binuclear metallohydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of mono-, di-, and triester substrates, including some organophosphate pesticides and products of the degradation of nerve agents. GpdQ has attracted re ...
plant physiology
... Transpiration is an evaporation process. The evaporation of water needs energy which is provided by plant cells. As the sweating process from human skin makes the skin cool similarly transpiration cools the leaf surface. Thus, the cooling effect of transpiration keeps the plant from being overheated ...
... Transpiration is an evaporation process. The evaporation of water needs energy which is provided by plant cells. As the sweating process from human skin makes the skin cool similarly transpiration cools the leaf surface. Thus, the cooling effect of transpiration keeps the plant from being overheated ...
Dinazyme C/S
... Involves movement of electrons from one molecule to another. In biological systems we usually see the removal of hydrogen from the substrate. Enzymes in this class are called dehydrogenases. Ex., alcohol dehydrogen-ase catalyzes reactions of the type R-CH2OH + A → R-CHO + H2A, where A is an acceptor ...
... Involves movement of electrons from one molecule to another. In biological systems we usually see the removal of hydrogen from the substrate. Enzymes in this class are called dehydrogenases. Ex., alcohol dehydrogen-ase catalyzes reactions of the type R-CH2OH + A → R-CHO + H2A, where A is an acceptor ...
H 2 O 2
... protons are pumped across the membrane, but they re-enter the matrix using some other way than that represented by ATP synthase. The free energy derived from oxidation of substrates appears as heat.. There are four types of artificial or natural uncouplers: ...
... protons are pumped across the membrane, but they re-enter the matrix using some other way than that represented by ATP synthase. The free energy derived from oxidation of substrates appears as heat.. There are four types of artificial or natural uncouplers: ...
ion trap review - University of St Andrews
... interacting with the radiation field. Clearly it is not possible in a short article to cover all these aspects of the technique, so this review concentrates on how various precision measurements may be effected using ion traps. An ion trap is an electrode structure which, by the application of AC an ...
... interacting with the radiation field. Clearly it is not possible in a short article to cover all these aspects of the technique, so this review concentrates on how various precision measurements may be effected using ion traps. An ion trap is an electrode structure which, by the application of AC an ...
ATP - TeacherWeb
... down in the cell and the mitochondria to create energy. Cellular respiration is the process that breaks down glucose to give off energy. ...
... down in the cell and the mitochondria to create energy. Cellular respiration is the process that breaks down glucose to give off energy. ...
384 The role of auxin and cytokinesis in plants
... auxin concentrations and distributions within the different tissues are essential (Xu et al. 2005). Auxin uptake and metabolism in tissue cultures It is not quite correct to talk about uptake, because what we can measure, is in fact accumulation, i.e., the amount of a regulator in a tissue, which wa ...
... auxin concentrations and distributions within the different tissues are essential (Xu et al. 2005). Auxin uptake and metabolism in tissue cultures It is not quite correct to talk about uptake, because what we can measure, is in fact accumulation, i.e., the amount of a regulator in a tissue, which wa ...
Enzymes
... reactions leading to the wasteful formation of byproducts are rare in enzyme-catalyzed reactions, in contrast with uncatalyzed ones. ...
... reactions leading to the wasteful formation of byproducts are rare in enzyme-catalyzed reactions, in contrast with uncatalyzed ones. ...
Plant Chloroplasts and Other Plastids
... is contained within the mature protein. On the other hand, proteins destined for the thylakoid lumen contain a bipartite transit peptide containing the information both for targeting to the stroma and for crossing the thylakoid membrane. Such domains are consecutively removed by processing proteases ...
... is contained within the mature protein. On the other hand, proteins destined for the thylakoid lumen contain a bipartite transit peptide containing the information both for targeting to the stroma and for crossing the thylakoid membrane. Such domains are consecutively removed by processing proteases ...
Metabolomics of a Single Vacuole Reveals
... Metabolite transport across the vacuolar membrane was directly detected in C. australis internodal cells using the microinjection technique. Pro labeled with stable isotopes was injected into a vacuole of a C. australis internodal cell under a microscope, and vacuolar and cytoplasmic levels of label ...
... Metabolite transport across the vacuolar membrane was directly detected in C. australis internodal cells using the microinjection technique. Pro labeled with stable isotopes was injected into a vacuole of a C. australis internodal cell under a microscope, and vacuolar and cytoplasmic levels of label ...
Photosynthesis and Sucrose Production
... The light-powered incorporation of carbon dioxide into ribulose bisphosphate by the Calvin cycle enzymes synthesizes starch, which remains in the chloroplast stroma. Once the space for starch in the chloroplast stroma is exhausted, the 3-phosphoglycerate intermediate is converted by triosephosphate ...
... The light-powered incorporation of carbon dioxide into ribulose bisphosphate by the Calvin cycle enzymes synthesizes starch, which remains in the chloroplast stroma. Once the space for starch in the chloroplast stroma is exhausted, the 3-phosphoglycerate intermediate is converted by triosephosphate ...
nectar composition and membrane transport of sugars and amino
... nectary gland anatomy and sugar/amino acid ratios of nectar, BAKER and BAKER (1973 a, b, 1975, 1976) argue that there is a trend for evolution towards higher amino acid contents. These authors investigated various classes of pollination systems. The lowest amino acid content was found in the nectar ...
... nectary gland anatomy and sugar/amino acid ratios of nectar, BAKER and BAKER (1973 a, b, 1975, 1976) argue that there is a trend for evolution towards higher amino acid contents. These authors investigated various classes of pollination systems. The lowest amino acid content was found in the nectar ...
Chloroplasts at work during plant innate immunity
... composite membrane with an intermembrane space, called the chloroplast envelope. In addition to the inner and outer membranes, chloroplasts have a third internal membrane system, known as the thylakoid membrane, which is extensively folded. This thylakoid membrane divides the stroma, which lies insi ...
... composite membrane with an intermembrane space, called the chloroplast envelope. In addition to the inner and outer membranes, chloroplasts have a third internal membrane system, known as the thylakoid membrane, which is extensively folded. This thylakoid membrane divides the stroma, which lies insi ...
Cellular Respiration
... – 2 molecules NADH are created • Important because NADH are Hydrogen ion/proton and e- carriers ...
... – 2 molecules NADH are created • Important because NADH are Hydrogen ion/proton and e- carriers ...
Magnesium in biology
Magnesium is an essential element in biological systems. Magnesium occurs typically as the Mg2+ ion. It is an essential mineral nutrient (i.e., element) for life and is present in every cell type in every organism. For example, ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the main source of energy in cells, must be bound to a magnesium ion in order to be biologically active. What is called ATP is often actually Mg-ATP. As such, magnesium plays a role in the stability of all polyphosphate compounds in the cells, including those associated with the synthesis of DNA and RNA.Over 300 enzymes require the presence of magnesium ions for their catalytic action, including all enzymes utilizing or synthesizing ATP, or those that use other nucleotides to synthesize DNA and RNA.In plants, magnesium is necessary for synthesis of chlorophyll and photosynthesis.