Introduction to Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking
... e.g. Baryon number conservation =) proton is stable, Charge conservation =) electron is stable, Dark Matter ? Conservation laws might change as we gain more knowledge e.g. muon number is violated only when ν oscillations were observed Parity violation was discovered only in late 50’s, CP violation . ...
... e.g. Baryon number conservation =) proton is stable, Charge conservation =) electron is stable, Dark Matter ? Conservation laws might change as we gain more knowledge e.g. muon number is violated only when ν oscillations were observed Parity violation was discovered only in late 50’s, CP violation . ...
Resonance-enhanced Second Harmonic Generation from spherical microparticles in aqueous suspension
... Three different theoretical models are used to analyze the observed particle size dependence of SHG. The calculated angular and particle size dependences of the second harmonic scattered power show that the models do not agree very well between each other when the size of the particles is of the ord ...
... Three different theoretical models are used to analyze the observed particle size dependence of SHG. The calculated angular and particle size dependences of the second harmonic scattered power show that the models do not agree very well between each other when the size of the particles is of the ord ...
RESEARCH ARTICLE Bottles as models
... Gill size was increased to 1.5cm width, representing the enlarged gill slits of the basking shark, buccal length was decreased (to 15cm total, 12cm buccal) to test for differences in ontogeny, and flow speed (fish swimming speed) was increased to 60cms–1 for each gill number variation. Adjustin ...
... Gill size was increased to 1.5cm width, representing the enlarged gill slits of the basking shark, buccal length was decreased (to 15cm total, 12cm buccal) to test for differences in ontogeny, and flow speed (fish swimming speed) was increased to 60cms–1 for each gill number variation. Adjustin ...
Electron Spin Resonance Tutorial
... – is related to the spin-lattice relaxation time, a measure of the rate of energy transfer between the electron spin and its surroundings. The degree to which these kinds of information have been exploited varies widely. Although experimentalists often make qualitative observations relating "strong" ...
... – is related to the spin-lattice relaxation time, a measure of the rate of energy transfer between the electron spin and its surroundings. The degree to which these kinds of information have been exploited varies widely. Although experimentalists often make qualitative observations relating "strong" ...
FRACTIONAL QUANTUM HALL STATES IN CONTINUUM AND
... In this dissertation, I will present theoretical studies on several aspects of quantum Hall states in both continuum and lattice systems. In the continuum case, one can understand the quantum Hall states starting from the Landau levels of charged particles moving in a magnetic field. If an integral ...
... In this dissertation, I will present theoretical studies on several aspects of quantum Hall states in both continuum and lattice systems. In the continuum case, one can understand the quantum Hall states starting from the Landau levels of charged particles moving in a magnetic field. If an integral ...
Resource Letter EM-1: Electromagnetic Momentum
... But the notion that fields carry momentum leads to several intriguing problems, some of which are not entirely resolved after more than a century of debate. (1) For a point charge q in an external field represented by the vector potential A, the electromagnetic momentum is qA. This suggests that A c ...
... But the notion that fields carry momentum leads to several intriguing problems, some of which are not entirely resolved after more than a century of debate. (1) For a point charge q in an external field represented by the vector potential A, the electromagnetic momentum is qA. This suggests that A c ...
PHYS 272: Matter and Interactions II -
... cloud and nucleus in opposite directions: electric dipole. An atom is said to be polarized when its electron cloud has been shifted by the influence of an external charge so that the electron cloud is not centered on the nucleus. Fall 2010 Prof. Yong Chen ([email protected]) Prof. Michael Manfra ( ...
... cloud and nucleus in opposite directions: electric dipole. An atom is said to be polarized when its electron cloud has been shifted by the influence of an external charge so that the electron cloud is not centered on the nucleus. Fall 2010 Prof. Yong Chen ([email protected]) Prof. Michael Manfra ( ...
Momentum and Energy of a Mass Consisting of
... Currently world wide effort is focused on the questions of what is mass, how mass comes to elementary particles, and why masses move with velocities below the speed of light. Following a theory of Higgs [1] and others, the so called Higgs field gives elementary particles such as Z- und W-Bosons thei ...
... Currently world wide effort is focused on the questions of what is mass, how mass comes to elementary particles, and why masses move with velocities below the speed of light. Following a theory of Higgs [1] and others, the so called Higgs field gives elementary particles such as Z- und W-Bosons thei ...
Provided for non-commercial research and educational use only
... as opposed to Coulombic forces, that is, has terms containing a and the inner product of two angular momenta. We will neglect spin–spin coupling terms, and consider only spin–orbit interactions in this discussion. These in turn can be associated with internal target fine-structure splitting (and pos ...
... as opposed to Coulombic forces, that is, has terms containing a and the inner product of two angular momenta. We will neglect spin–spin coupling terms, and consider only spin–orbit interactions in this discussion. These in turn can be associated with internal target fine-structure splitting (and pos ...
modeling secondary electron trajectories in scanning electron
... The efficiency of secondary electron collection by a scanning electron microscope detector is not generally known, particularly as the electric field on the detector is varied. It is often assumed that the detector collects almost all of the secondary electrons emitted from the sample. This works se ...
... The efficiency of secondary electron collection by a scanning electron microscope detector is not generally known, particularly as the electric field on the detector is varied. It is often assumed that the detector collects almost all of the secondary electrons emitted from the sample. This works se ...
mineral processing laboratory manual
... Rittinger’s Law: Rittinger stated that, “Energy expanded during comminution is ...
... Rittinger’s Law: Rittinger stated that, “Energy expanded during comminution is ...
Spins in few-electron quantum dots
... ensembles of particles with spin. Only in recent years have systems been realized in which individual electrons can be trapped and their quantum properties can be studied, thus avoiding unnecessary ensemble averaging. This review describes experiments performed with quantum dots, which are nanometer ...
... ensembles of particles with spin. Only in recent years have systems been realized in which individual electrons can be trapped and their quantum properties can be studied, thus avoiding unnecessary ensemble averaging. This review describes experiments performed with quantum dots, which are nanometer ...
Supersymmetry (SUSY)
... Based on 7 “doppel stunde” lectures I gave in Dresden, 13-14 one hour lectures. However I can go faster or slower depending on prior knowledge, feedback is essential. I will only cover N=1 global supersymmetry here, which is most relevant to phenomenology. For local or extended SUSY you will nee ...
... Based on 7 “doppel stunde” lectures I gave in Dresden, 13-14 one hour lectures. However I can go faster or slower depending on prior knowledge, feedback is essential. I will only cover N=1 global supersymmetry here, which is most relevant to phenomenology. For local or extended SUSY you will nee ...
Proposal for a topological plasmon spin rectifier
... topological insulator nanostructure induces a static spin accumulation in a resonant, normal metal structure coupled to it. Using a finite-difference time-domain model, we simulate this spin-pump mechanism with drift, diffusion, relaxation, and precession in a magnetic field. This optically driven s ...
... topological insulator nanostructure induces a static spin accumulation in a resonant, normal metal structure coupled to it. Using a finite-difference time-domain model, we simulate this spin-pump mechanism with drift, diffusion, relaxation, and precession in a magnetic field. This optically driven s ...
Formation of single and double-headed streamers in sprite
... streamers are observed [McHarg et al., 2007; StenbaekNielsen and McHarg, 2008] is that the inhomogeneities from which these downward streamers are initiated are adjacent to an “electrode”, namely a highly conducting region. In the modeled sprite-halo event, the sprite halo above 81 km serves as this ...
... streamers are observed [McHarg et al., 2007; StenbaekNielsen and McHarg, 2008] is that the inhomogeneities from which these downward streamers are initiated are adjacent to an “electrode”, namely a highly conducting region. In the modeled sprite-halo event, the sprite halo above 81 km serves as this ...
Heavy Fermions: Electrons at the Edge of
... stray filaments of uranium. Heavy-electron metals were discovered by Andres, Graebner and Ott (1975), who observed that the intermetallic CeAl3 forms a metal in which the Pauli susceptibility and linear specific heat capacity are about 1000 times larger than in conventional metals. Few believed thei ...
... stray filaments of uranium. Heavy-electron metals were discovered by Andres, Graebner and Ott (1975), who observed that the intermetallic CeAl3 forms a metal in which the Pauli susceptibility and linear specific heat capacity are about 1000 times larger than in conventional metals. Few believed thei ...
Voltage-dependent electron distribution in a small spin valve
... spin into the normal layer. Actually, the process of spin decay is considered as related to interface effects, implying that the damping parameter decreases as the layer thickness increases. Although it accounts for many important experimental features, approach1 fails to explain the aforementioned ...
... spin into the normal layer. Actually, the process of spin decay is considered as related to interface effects, implying that the damping parameter decreases as the layer thickness increases. Although it accounts for many important experimental features, approach1 fails to explain the aforementioned ...
Electron microscopy in molecular cell biology I
... Electrons extracted from crystal by electric field applied to tip (extraction voltage) Schottky emitter: Zr plated, heated to ~ 1200 °C to assist electron emission and prevent contamination, energy spread ΔE ~0.5 eV Cold field emitter: not heated, very low energy spread, best temporal coherence, ...
... Electrons extracted from crystal by electric field applied to tip (extraction voltage) Schottky emitter: Zr plated, heated to ~ 1200 °C to assist electron emission and prevent contamination, energy spread ΔE ~0.5 eV Cold field emitter: not heated, very low energy spread, best temporal coherence, ...
Lepton
A lepton is an elementary, half-integer spin (spin 1⁄2) particle that does not undergo strong interactions, but is subject to the Pauli exclusion principle. The best known of all leptons is the electron, which is directly tied to all chemical properties. Two main classes of leptons exist: charged leptons (also known as the electron-like leptons), and neutral leptons (better known as neutrinos). Charged leptons can combine with other particles to form various composite particles such as atoms and positronium, while neutrinos rarely interact with anything, and are consequently rarely observed.There are six types of leptons, known as flavours, forming three generations. The first generation is the electronic leptons, comprising the electron (e−) and electron neutrino (νe); the second is the muonic leptons, comprising the muon (μ−) and muon neutrino (νμ); and the third is the tauonic leptons, comprising the tau (τ−) and the tau neutrino (ντ). Electrons have the least mass of all the charged leptons. The heavier muons and taus will rapidly change into electrons through a process of particle decay: the transformation from a higher mass state to a lower mass state. Thus electrons are stable and the most common charged lepton in the universe, whereas muons and taus can only be produced in high energy collisions (such as those involving cosmic rays and those carried out in particle accelerators).Leptons have various intrinsic properties, including electric charge, spin, and mass. Unlike quarks however, leptons are not subject to the strong interaction, but they are subject to the other three fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism (excluding neutrinos, which are electrically neutral), and the weak interaction. For every lepton flavor there is a corresponding type of antiparticle, known as antilepton, that differs from the lepton only in that some of its properties have equal magnitude but opposite sign. However, according to certain theories, neutrinos may be their own antiparticle, but it is not currently known whether this is the case or not.The first charged lepton, the electron, was theorized in the mid-19th century by several scientists and was discovered in 1897 by J. J. Thomson. The next lepton to be observed was the muon, discovered by Carl D. Anderson in 1936, which was classified as a meson at the time. After investigation, it was realized that the muon did not have the expected properties of a meson, but rather behaved like an electron, only with higher mass. It took until 1947 for the concept of ""leptons"" as a family of particle to be proposed. The first neutrino, the electron neutrino, was proposed by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 to explain certain characteristics of beta decay. It was first observed in the Cowan–Reines neutrino experiment conducted by Clyde Cowan and Frederick Reines in 1956. The muon neutrino was discovered in 1962 by Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, and the tau discovered between 1974 and 1977 by Martin Lewis Perl and his colleagues from the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The tau neutrino remained elusive until July 2000, when the DONUT collaboration from Fermilab announced its discovery.Leptons are an important part of the Standard Model. Electrons are one of the components of atoms, alongside protons and neutrons. Exotic atoms with muons and taus instead of electrons can also be synthesized, as well as lepton–antilepton particles such as positronium.