CHAPTER 6
... The Urea Cycle • The carbon skeleton of arginine is derived from a-ketoglutarate (Ornithine) • N and C in the guanidino group of Arg come from NH4+, HCO3- (carbamoyl-P), and the a-NH2 of Glu and Asp • Breakdown of Arg in the urea cycle releases two N and one C as urea • Important N excretion mechan ...
... The Urea Cycle • The carbon skeleton of arginine is derived from a-ketoglutarate (Ornithine) • N and C in the guanidino group of Arg come from NH4+, HCO3- (carbamoyl-P), and the a-NH2 of Glu and Asp • Breakdown of Arg in the urea cycle releases two N and one C as urea • Important N excretion mechan ...
Agonism with the omega-3 fatty acids α-linolenic acid
... a b s t r a c t The newly discovered G protein-coupled receptor GPR120 has recently been shown to stimulate secretion of the gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and cholecystokinin upon binding of free fatty acids, thrusting it to the forefront of drug discovery efforts for treatment of type 2 diab ...
... a b s t r a c t The newly discovered G protein-coupled receptor GPR120 has recently been shown to stimulate secretion of the gut hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 and cholecystokinin upon binding of free fatty acids, thrusting it to the forefront of drug discovery efforts for treatment of type 2 diab ...
Table S6: Domains present in the primary network generated from
... This family of ion channels contains 10 or 12 transmembrane helices. Each protein forms a single pore. It has been shown that some members of this family form homodimers. In terms of primary structure, they are unrelated to known cation channels or other types of anion channels. Three ClC subfamilie ...
... This family of ion channels contains 10 or 12 transmembrane helices. Each protein forms a single pore. It has been shown that some members of this family form homodimers. In terms of primary structure, they are unrelated to known cation channels or other types of anion channels. Three ClC subfamilie ...
Protein kinase A
... ADP/ATP ratio is high enough so that ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) are open, and the membrane potential is about 70 mv. Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) and calciumsensitive potassium channels (CSKC) are closed. B. Beta cell response to increased blood glucose. Increased entry an ...
... ADP/ATP ratio is high enough so that ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) are open, and the membrane potential is about 70 mv. Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) and calciumsensitive potassium channels (CSKC) are closed. B. Beta cell response to increased blood glucose. Increased entry an ...
Glycolytic strategy as a tradeoff between energy yield and protein cost
... diverse, including several alternative glycolytic pathways, the most common of which is the Entner–Doudoroff (ED) pathway. The prevalence of the ED pathway is puzzling as it produces only one ATP per glucose—half as much as the EMP pathway. We argue that the diversity of prokaryotic glucose metaboli ...
... diverse, including several alternative glycolytic pathways, the most common of which is the Entner–Doudoroff (ED) pathway. The prevalence of the ED pathway is puzzling as it produces only one ATP per glucose—half as much as the EMP pathway. We argue that the diversity of prokaryotic glucose metaboli ...
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
... cisaconitate and isocitrate) participate. The enzymes of TCA cycle are located in mitochondrial matrix, in close proximity to the electron transport chain. ...
... cisaconitate and isocitrate) participate. The enzymes of TCA cycle are located in mitochondrial matrix, in close proximity to the electron transport chain. ...
Acetate kinase from CIostridiurn acetobutylicurn : a highly specific
... was performed on a Pharmacia Gene Assembler Plus on 0.2pmol capacity columns as recommended by the manufacturer. The oligonucleotides were purified after deprotection by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 (NAP 5; Pharmacia). The following degenerated oligonucleotides were used in PCR amplifications (nu ...
... was performed on a Pharmacia Gene Assembler Plus on 0.2pmol capacity columns as recommended by the manufacturer. The oligonucleotides were purified after deprotection by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 (NAP 5; Pharmacia). The following degenerated oligonucleotides were used in PCR amplifications (nu ...
Document
... intermediates. GAP and F6P are consumed through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation or recycled by gluconeogenesis to form G6P. In the latter case, 1 G6P can be converted, via 6 cycles of pentose phosphate pathway and gluconeogenesis, to 6 CO2 and 12 NADPH. • When R5P is needed more than NADPH, ...
... intermediates. GAP and F6P are consumed through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation or recycled by gluconeogenesis to form G6P. In the latter case, 1 G6P can be converted, via 6 cycles of pentose phosphate pathway and gluconeogenesis, to 6 CO2 and 12 NADPH. • When R5P is needed more than NADPH, ...
2, The Glyoxylate Pathway
... intermediates. GAP and F6P are consumed through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation or recycled by gluconeogenesis to form G6P. In the latter case, 1 G6P can be converted, via 6 cycles of pentose phosphate pathway and gluconeogenesis, to 6 CO2 and 12 NADPH. • When R5P is needed more than NADPH, ...
... intermediates. GAP and F6P are consumed through glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation or recycled by gluconeogenesis to form G6P. In the latter case, 1 G6P can be converted, via 6 cycles of pentose phosphate pathway and gluconeogenesis, to 6 CO2 and 12 NADPH. • When R5P is needed more than NADPH, ...
ENZYMES: CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE
... and must be obtained from nutrients • Most vitamins must be enzymatically transformed to the coenzyme • Deficit of vitamin and as result correspondent coenzyme results in the disease ...
... and must be obtained from nutrients • Most vitamins must be enzymatically transformed to the coenzyme • Deficit of vitamin and as result correspondent coenzyme results in the disease ...
3. G-protein-coupled receptors
... q Subunit activates or deactivates PLC (membrane bound enzyme) Reaction catalysed for as long as q bound - signal amplification Brake and accelerator ...
... q Subunit activates or deactivates PLC (membrane bound enzyme) Reaction catalysed for as long as q bound - signal amplification Brake and accelerator ...
Conserved mechanisms of Ras regulation of evolutionary
... MKK4 and JNK/SAPK cascade. There is at least one more similar cascade of kinases (Cano and Mahadevan, 1995; Cobb and Goldsmith, 1995). However, there are many other potential downstream targets, including PI(3)K, p120GAP, raIGDS, PKCx and KSR, although their precise roles still need to be establishe ...
... MKK4 and JNK/SAPK cascade. There is at least one more similar cascade of kinases (Cano and Mahadevan, 1995; Cobb and Goldsmith, 1995). However, there are many other potential downstream targets, including PI(3)K, p120GAP, raIGDS, PKCx and KSR, although their precise roles still need to be establishe ...
substances that target tumor metabolism
... The goal of this review is to summarize current knowledge on cancer metabolism, draw hypothesis explaining metabolic alterations and associated gene changes. Most importantly, we indicate a list of possible pharmacological targets. In short, tumor metabolism displays mixed glycolysis and neogluogene ...
... The goal of this review is to summarize current knowledge on cancer metabolism, draw hypothesis explaining metabolic alterations and associated gene changes. Most importantly, we indicate a list of possible pharmacological targets. In short, tumor metabolism displays mixed glycolysis and neogluogene ...
Final Exam - UC Davis Plant Sciences
... same subcellular compartment in eukaryotes. Indicate the subcellular location for the pathways or enzymes listed below (disregard transporters and shuttles). If a pathway occurs in more than one location, indicate all subcellular compartments. Each compartment may also be used more than once. Do not ...
... same subcellular compartment in eukaryotes. Indicate the subcellular location for the pathways or enzymes listed below (disregard transporters and shuttles). If a pathway occurs in more than one location, indicate all subcellular compartments. Each compartment may also be used more than once. Do not ...
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1
... To date 142 small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) have been identified In T. brucei. Still, based on mapping data and estimates on other organisms, the total number is likely to be close to 200. The results of an initial scan of the HART1 and EM1 genomes allowed us to identify quite a reduced number of sno ...
... To date 142 small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) have been identified In T. brucei. Still, based on mapping data and estimates on other organisms, the total number is likely to be close to 200. The results of an initial scan of the HART1 and EM1 genomes allowed us to identify quite a reduced number of sno ...
Small-molecule metabolism: an enzyme mosaic
... of the E. coli small-molecule metabolism (SMM) enzymes (summarized in Box 2 and Table 1). There are, on average, 3.4 domains per family, which shows that even this basic set of pathways is the product of extensive duplication of domains within its enzymes. The distribution of family sizes of the 213 ...
... of the E. coli small-molecule metabolism (SMM) enzymes (summarized in Box 2 and Table 1). There are, on average, 3.4 domains per family, which shows that even this basic set of pathways is the product of extensive duplication of domains within its enzymes. The distribution of family sizes of the 213 ...
Crosstalk in NF-κB signaling pathways
... Andrea Oeckinghaus, Matthew S Hayden & Sankar Ghosh NF-kB transcription factors are critical regulators of immunity, stress responses, apoptosis and differentiation. A variety of stimuli coalesce on NF-kB activation, which can in turn mediate varied transcriptional programs. Consequently, NF-kB-depe ...
... Andrea Oeckinghaus, Matthew S Hayden & Sankar Ghosh NF-kB transcription factors are critical regulators of immunity, stress responses, apoptosis and differentiation. A variety of stimuli coalesce on NF-kB activation, which can in turn mediate varied transcriptional programs. Consequently, NF-kB-depe ...
Protein
... • Derived proteins are of two types, primarily derived proteins and secondary derived proteins. Primary derived proteins are derivatives of proteins, in which the size of the protein molecule is not altered materially, while in secondary derived proteins, hydrolysis occurs, as a result the molecules ...
... • Derived proteins are of two types, primarily derived proteins and secondary derived proteins. Primary derived proteins are derivatives of proteins, in which the size of the protein molecule is not altered materially, while in secondary derived proteins, hydrolysis occurs, as a result the molecules ...
The Phosphoproteome of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Eyespot
... and thylakoid membrane-associated proteins. Care must be taken to conclude that thylakoid membraneassociated proteins of the chloroplast, which are also present in the eyespot, have the same localization and/or function there. The a-, b-, and g-subunits of the soluble CF1 complex of the ATP synthase ...
... and thylakoid membrane-associated proteins. Care must be taken to conclude that thylakoid membraneassociated proteins of the chloroplast, which are also present in the eyespot, have the same localization and/or function there. The a-, b-, and g-subunits of the soluble CF1 complex of the ATP synthase ...
Calcium Homeostasis in Plants: Role of Calcium Binding Proteins in
... A majority of environmental signals of varied types as well as varied intensities are perceived at the membrane level in a cell. In case of multicellular organisms like plants or animals, this 'perception' not only needs to be transferred to the actual centre of controlling and responding unit i.e. ...
... A majority of environmental signals of varied types as well as varied intensities are perceived at the membrane level in a cell. In case of multicellular organisms like plants or animals, this 'perception' not only needs to be transferred to the actual centre of controlling and responding unit i.e. ...
PLANT PROTEIN PHOSPHATASES
... PP1 is a ubiquitous and highly conserved enzyme found in all eukaryotes. The native mammalian and fungal enzyme is a complex of a catalytic subunit and one or more regulatory subunits. Genetic studies have shown yeast PP1 catalytic subunit genes to be essential for cellular processes as diverse as g ...
... PP1 is a ubiquitous and highly conserved enzyme found in all eukaryotes. The native mammalian and fungal enzyme is a complex of a catalytic subunit and one or more regulatory subunits. Genetic studies have shown yeast PP1 catalytic subunit genes to be essential for cellular processes as diverse as g ...
Cell Signaling during Cold, Drought, and Salt Stress
... (chemical) and an osmotic (physical) component. The multiplicity of information embedded in abiotic stress signals underlies one aspect of the complexity of stress signaling. On the basis of this multiplicity, it is unlikely that there is only one sensor that perceives the stress condition and contr ...
... (chemical) and an osmotic (physical) component. The multiplicity of information embedded in abiotic stress signals underlies one aspect of the complexity of stress signaling. On the basis of this multiplicity, it is unlikely that there is only one sensor that perceives the stress condition and contr ...
E. coli
... Institute of Theoretical Biophysics (Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino, Russia), led by Prof. E. Selkov. • It represents a key resource for developing detailed metabolic reconstructions for newly sequenced genomes far more rapidly than researchers even a few years ago would have thought possible ...
... Institute of Theoretical Biophysics (Russian Academy of Sciences, Puschino, Russia), led by Prof. E. Selkov. • It represents a key resource for developing detailed metabolic reconstructions for newly sequenced genomes far more rapidly than researchers even a few years ago would have thought possible ...
Metabolism and Glycolysis
... Glycolysis is an universal metabolic pathway. It occurs, with minor variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient known metabolic pathways. In 1860 Louis Pasteur discovered that microorganisms are resp ...
... Glycolysis is an universal metabolic pathway. It occurs, with minor variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient known metabolic pathways. In 1860 Louis Pasteur discovered that microorganisms are resp ...
440-kD Ankyrins: Structure of the Major
... number corresponding to the entire 440-kD ankyrins. These sequence data are available from EMBL/Genbank/DDBJ under accession number Z26634. ...
... number corresponding to the entire 440-kD ankyrins. These sequence data are available from EMBL/Genbank/DDBJ under accession number Z26634. ...