Lecture 2 notes, ppt file
... We all have our own “statistical tests”. Examples: A random sequence must have roughly ½ 0’s and ½ 1’s. Furthermore, ¼ 00’s, 01’s, 10’s 11’s. A random sequence of length n cannot have a large (say √n) block of 0’s. A random sequence cannot have every other digit identical to corresponding di ...
... We all have our own “statistical tests”. Examples: A random sequence must have roughly ½ 0’s and ½ 1’s. Furthermore, ¼ 00’s, 01’s, 10’s 11’s. A random sequence of length n cannot have a large (say √n) block of 0’s. A random sequence cannot have every other digit identical to corresponding di ...
NEW PPT 5.1
... The idea of probability is that randomness is predictable in the long run. Our intuition tries to tell us random phenomena should also be predictable in the short run. However, probability does not allow us to make short-run predictions. The myth of the “law of averages”: Probability tells us random ...
... The idea of probability is that randomness is predictable in the long run. Our intuition tries to tell us random phenomena should also be predictable in the short run. However, probability does not allow us to make short-run predictions. The myth of the “law of averages”: Probability tells us random ...
TPS4e_Ch5_5.1
... The idea of probability is that randomness is predictable in the long run. Our intuition tries to tell us random phenomena should also be predictable in the short run. However, probability does not allow us to make short-run predictions. The myth of the “law of averages”: Probability tells us random ...
... The idea of probability is that randomness is predictable in the long run. Our intuition tries to tell us random phenomena should also be predictable in the short run. However, probability does not allow us to make short-run predictions. The myth of the “law of averages”: Probability tells us random ...
AP Stats Chap 5.1
... The idea of probability is that randomness is predictable in the long run. Our intuition tries to tell us random phenomena should also be predictable in the short run. However, probability does not allow us to make short-run predictions. The myth of the “law of averages”: Probability tells us random ...
... The idea of probability is that randomness is predictable in the long run. Our intuition tries to tell us random phenomena should also be predictable in the short run. However, probability does not allow us to make short-run predictions. The myth of the “law of averages”: Probability tells us random ...
KC-Lecture2 - Duke Computer Science
... Martin-Lof randomness: definition Definition. Let V be the set of all sequential μ-tests. An infinite binary sequence ω is called μ-random if it passes all sequential tests: ω not in ∪V∈V ∩m=1..∞Vm From measure theory: μ(∪V∈V ∩m=1..∞Vm)=0 since there are only countably many sequential μ-tests V. ...
... Martin-Lof randomness: definition Definition. Let V be the set of all sequential μ-tests. An infinite binary sequence ω is called μ-random if it passes all sequential tests: ω not in ∪V∈V ∩m=1..∞Vm From measure theory: μ(∪V∈V ∩m=1..∞Vm)=0 since there are only countably many sequential μ-tests V. ...
Probability level 8 NZC
... to calculate a simple expected value as part of solving a problem, but will not be asked questions such as “calculate the expected value”. ...
... to calculate a simple expected value as part of solving a problem, but will not be asked questions such as “calculate the expected value”. ...
File
... The idea of probability is that randomness is predictable in the long run. Our intuition tries to tell us random phenomena should also be predictable in the short run. However, probability does not allow us to make short-run predictions. The myth of the “law of averages”: Probability tells us random ...
... The idea of probability is that randomness is predictable in the long run. Our intuition tries to tell us random phenomena should also be predictable in the short run. However, probability does not allow us to make short-run predictions. The myth of the “law of averages”: Probability tells us random ...
random_sampling_probability
... • Assume that your population consists of all 1,000 adult males in a hypothetical country called USX. • Based on the notion that randomness = equal chance, the probability of every one to be sampled is 1/1000, right? • But it is agrued that the population parameter is not invariant. Every second som ...
... • Assume that your population consists of all 1,000 adult males in a hypothetical country called USX. • Based on the notion that randomness = equal chance, the probability of every one to be sampled is 1/1000, right? • But it is agrued that the population parameter is not invariant. Every second som ...
Randomness and Probability
... • As a special promotion for its 20-ounce bottles of soda, a soft drink company printed a message on the inside of each bottle cap. Some of the caps said, “please try again!” while others said “you’re a winner!” the company advertised the promotion with the slogan, “1 in 6 wins a prize.” Seven frien ...
... • As a special promotion for its 20-ounce bottles of soda, a soft drink company printed a message on the inside of each bottle cap. Some of the caps said, “please try again!” while others said “you’re a winner!” the company advertised the promotion with the slogan, “1 in 6 wins a prize.” Seven frien ...
TPS4e_Ch5_5.1
... State: What is the question of interest about some chance process? Plan: Describe how to use a chance device to imitate one repetition of the process. Explain clearly how to identify the outcomes of the chance process and what variable to measure. Do: Perform many repetitions of the simulation. Conc ...
... State: What is the question of interest about some chance process? Plan: Describe how to use a chance device to imitate one repetition of the process. Explain clearly how to identify the outcomes of the chance process and what variable to measure. Do: Perform many repetitions of the simulation. Conc ...
Arbitrarily large randomness distillation
... The randomness of this process depends crucially on the model that one uses to describe it. 1) The quantum state and measurement cannot be derived from the outcome probability distribution. 2) Even if they could, one cannot exclude a supra-quantum theory with more predictive power. ...
... The randomness of this process depends crucially on the model that one uses to describe it. 1) The quantum state and measurement cannot be derived from the outcome probability distribution. 2) Even if they could, one cannot exclude a supra-quantum theory with more predictive power. ...
5.1
... Another way to interpret probability of an outcome is its predicted long-run relative frequency. For example, if we do many trials of flipping a fair coin, we would expect to see the proportion of heads to be about .5. ...
... Another way to interpret probability of an outcome is its predicted long-run relative frequency. For example, if we do many trials of flipping a fair coin, we would expect to see the proportion of heads to be about .5. ...
The P=NP problem - New Mexico State University
... Abraham de Moivre (16671754). • In 1812 Pierre de Laplace (1749-1827” ThéorieAnalytique des Probabilités.” • Before Laplace: mathematical analysis of games of chance. • Laplace applied probabilistic ideas to many scientific and practical problems: • Theory of errors, actuarial mathematics, and stati ...
... Abraham de Moivre (16671754). • In 1812 Pierre de Laplace (1749-1827” ThéorieAnalytique des Probabilités.” • Before Laplace: mathematical analysis of games of chance. • Laplace applied probabilistic ideas to many scientific and practical problems: • Theory of errors, actuarial mathematics, and stati ...
File
... The idea of probability is that randomness is predictable in the long run. Our intuition tries to tell us random phenomena should also be predictable in the short run. However, probability does not allow us to make short-run predictions. The myth of the “law of averages”: Probability tells us random ...
... The idea of probability is that randomness is predictable in the long run. Our intuition tries to tell us random phenomena should also be predictable in the short run. However, probability does not allow us to make short-run predictions. The myth of the “law of averages”: Probability tells us random ...
History of randomness
In ancient history, the concepts of chance and randomness were intertwined with that of fate. Many ancient peoples threw dice to determine fate, and this later evolved into games of chance. At the same time, most ancient cultures used various methods of divination to attempt to circumvent randomness and fate.The Chinese were perhaps the earliest people to formalize odds and chance 3,000 years ago. The Greek philosophers discussed randomness at length, but only in non-quantitative forms. It was only in the sixteenth century that Italian mathematicians began to formalize the odds associated with various games of chance. The invention of modern calculus had a positive impact on the formal study of randomness. In the 19th century the concept of entropy was introduced in physics.The early part of the twentieth century saw a rapid growth in the formal analysis of randomness, and mathematical foundations for probability were introduced, leading to its axiomatization in 1933. At the same time, the advent of quantum mechanics changed the scientific perspective on determinacy. In the mid to late 20th-century, ideas of algorithmic information theory introduced new dimensions to the field via the concept of algorithmic randomness.Although randomness had often been viewed as an obstacle and a nuisance for many centuries, in the twentieth century computer scientists began to realize that the deliberate introduction of randomness into computations can be an effective tool for designing better algorithms. In some cases, such randomized algorithms are able to outperform the best deterministic methods.