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Buoyancy and fluid flow
Buoyancy and fluid flow

... Further, if the fluid is incompressible (liquids are difficult to compress, gases are not), then ρ1 = ρ2, and we have A1 v1 = A2 v2 This equation says that the narrower the channel, the faster the flow (or conversely, still water runs deep). Common example: nozzle of a garden hose – narrow = fast. N ...
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... o bedload moves at velocities slower than the flow and spends most of its time on or near the stream bed o mechanisms of grain motion: • traction (rolling and sliding)--important factors: frictional drag and lift forces exerted by the flow and slope • saltation (hopping)--grains are temporarily susp ...
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... settles toward the bed with a flux that is linearly dependent upon fall velocity. Maintenance of this sediment in suspension requires a balancing upward Reynolds flux, further dictating that mean suspended sediment concentration should decrease upward. Since higher concentration implies larger densi ...
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CVE 304: Hydraulics II (2 Units)

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... Q2)A fluid has absolute viscosity of 0.048Pa s . If at a point A , 75mm from the wall the velocity is measured as 1.125 m/s, calculate the intensity of shear stress at a point B 50mm from the wall in N/m².Assume a linear (straight line ) velocity distribution from the wall. ...
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... (c) Both air and water are Newtonian fluids whereas blood is a non-Newtonian fluid (d) Viscosity of both air and water change with temperature 2. If vorticity is defined as the curl of velocity, then the relationship between vorticity and angular velocity is: (a) angular velocity = vorticity (b) ang ...
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... • p + 0.5rV2 + rgh = Constant p = Fluid Pressure [N/m2] r = Fluid Density [kg/m3] V = Fluid Velocity [m/s] g = Gravitational Acceleration Constant [m/s2] h = Pressure Height or Submergence [m] ...
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Turbulence



In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is a flow regime characterized by chaotic property changes. This includes low momentum diffusion, high momentum convection, and rapid variation of pressure and flow velocity in space and time.Flow in which the kinetic energy dies out due to the action of fluid molecular viscosity is called laminar flow. While there is no theorem relating the non-dimensional Reynolds number (Re) to turbulence, flows at Reynolds numbers larger than 5000 are typically (but not necessarily) turbulent, while those at low Reynolds numbers usually remain laminar. In Poiseuille flow, for example, turbulence can first be sustained if the Reynolds number is larger than a critical value of about 2040; moreover, the turbulence is generally interspersed with laminar flow until a larger Reynolds number of about 4000.In turbulent flow, unsteady vortices appear on many scales and interact with each other. Drag due to boundary layer skin friction increases. The structure and location of boundary layer separation often changes, sometimes resulting in a reduction of overall drag. Although laminar-turbulent transition is not governed by Reynolds number, the same transition occurs if the size of the object is gradually increased, or the viscosity of the fluid is decreased, or if the density of the fluid is increased. Nobel Laureate Richard Feynman described turbulence as ""the most important unsolved problem of classical physics.""
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