A Stereoscopic Look at Visual Cortex
... happening in isolation from each other in two different parts of the brain. Depending on task demands, quality of the available signals, required speed of response and other parameters that determine the performance of the observer, different cortical modules may display different degrees of involve ...
... happening in isolation from each other in two different parts of the brain. Depending on task demands, quality of the available signals, required speed of response and other parameters that determine the performance of the observer, different cortical modules may display different degrees of involve ...
Responses of the Human Brain to Mild Dehydration and
... showed a 0.55% brain volume reduction after 16 hours of thirsting and a 0.72% increase after subsequent rehydration. Similarly, Streitbürger et al14 demonstrated an increase in brain volume on ingestion of 3– 4 L of water; however, they failed to show an effect of dehydration on brain volume by 2 d ...
... showed a 0.55% brain volume reduction after 16 hours of thirsting and a 0.72% increase after subsequent rehydration. Similarly, Streitbürger et al14 demonstrated an increase in brain volume on ingestion of 3– 4 L of water; however, they failed to show an effect of dehydration on brain volume by 2 d ...
article in press - Department of Physiology, Development and
... only differences between conditions have meaning. The scale shows clearly that the two synthetic-vowel conditions (damped and raspy) were among the most speech-like of the stimuli and the two musical-rain conditions were among the least speech-like. The conditions with flat envelopes and either sinu ...
... only differences between conditions have meaning. The scale shows clearly that the two synthetic-vowel conditions (damped and raspy) were among the most speech-like of the stimuli and the two musical-rain conditions were among the least speech-like. The conditions with flat envelopes and either sinu ...
Calculating Consequences - Human Reward and Decision Making lab
... to exclude those with a previous history of neurological or psychiatric gap ⫽ 0 mm) with BOLD contrast. To recover signal loss from dropout illness. All subjects gave informed consent, and the study was approved in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) (O’Doherty et al., 2002), each by the Institut ...
... to exclude those with a previous history of neurological or psychiatric gap ⫽ 0 mm) with BOLD contrast. To recover signal loss from dropout illness. All subjects gave informed consent, and the study was approved in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) (O’Doherty et al., 2002), each by the Institut ...
Specialization within the ventral stream: The case for the visual word
... “sight”. We are immediately aware of their radically different meanings and pronunciation, but it takes some time to realize that visually speaking, those words differ only by a very small amount. Our visual system is attuned to the minute difference between “eight” and “sight”, which it amplifies s ...
... “sight”. We are immediately aware of their radically different meanings and pronunciation, but it takes some time to realize that visually speaking, those words differ only by a very small amount. Our visual system is attuned to the minute difference between “eight” and “sight”, which it amplifies s ...
Categories in the Brain - Rice University -
... neuron and its axon, but bundles or groups of cells and their axons with similar functional properties and anatomical connections.” Vernon Mountcastle, Perceptual Neuroscience (1998), p. 192 ...
... neuron and its axon, but bundles or groups of cells and their axons with similar functional properties and anatomical connections.” Vernon Mountcastle, Perceptual Neuroscience (1998), p. 192 ...
Voiding Dysfunction
... Neuromodulation by sacral nerve stimulation is an effective intervention for the treatment of voiding dysfunction, and paradoxically used for urinary retention and urgencyfrequency/urge incontinence. The mechanism of neuromodulation is uncertain but likely to involve afferent pathways to the brain r ...
... Neuromodulation by sacral nerve stimulation is an effective intervention for the treatment of voiding dysfunction, and paradoxically used for urinary retention and urgencyfrequency/urge incontinence. The mechanism of neuromodulation is uncertain but likely to involve afferent pathways to the brain r ...
CONTROL OF MOVEMENT BY THE BRAIN A. PRIMARY MOTOR
... -caudate and putamen neurons then send their axons to ____________________; internal globus pallidus - in turn, GP axons contact the ________________, thalamus (VA/VL) which feedback onto cortex to modulate movement force. ...
... -caudate and putamen neurons then send their axons to ____________________; internal globus pallidus - in turn, GP axons contact the ________________, thalamus (VA/VL) which feedback onto cortex to modulate movement force. ...
olfaction and limbic system
... Smells are surer than sounds and sights to make your heart-strings crack. - Rudyard Kipling ...
... Smells are surer than sounds and sights to make your heart-strings crack. - Rudyard Kipling ...
Cognition without a Neural Code: How a Folded Electromagnetic Fields
... focus attention where attention is needed, and it will spontaneously apply an internal logic that leads to survivable behavior. At the same time, it will demonstrate the human capacity for loose associations, self-contradictions, and even wild delusions. The model must be self-reading (no homunculi ...
... focus attention where attention is needed, and it will spontaneously apply an internal logic that leads to survivable behavior. At the same time, it will demonstrate the human capacity for loose associations, self-contradictions, and even wild delusions. The model must be self-reading (no homunculi ...
Neuronal Replacement and Reconstruction of Damaged Circuitries
... Descriptionsof a widevariety of techniquesused to implanttissue into the brain or spinal cord can be foundin the literature. The simplest approach,and the one that wastried initially, is to insert the graft directly into a slit madein superficial cortical matter with fine forceps or similar instrume ...
... Descriptionsof a widevariety of techniquesused to implanttissue into the brain or spinal cord can be foundin the literature. The simplest approach,and the one that wastried initially, is to insert the graft directly into a slit madein superficial cortical matter with fine forceps or similar instrume ...
Abnormal gray matter aging in chronic pain patients
... Fig. 1 – Total gray matter volume and correlations with age and duration. (a) TMD duration significantly correlated with and patients' age (r = 0.54, p = 0.026). (b) Total gray matter volume was not significantly different in the TMD group versus control group (p = 0.88). (c) Significant GM volume d ...
... Fig. 1 – Total gray matter volume and correlations with age and duration. (a) TMD duration significantly correlated with and patients' age (r = 0.54, p = 0.026). (b) Total gray matter volume was not significantly different in the TMD group versus control group (p = 0.88). (c) Significant GM volume d ...
Representation of naturalistic image structure in the primate visual
... some randomization in their location, size, color, orientation, etc; for example, an image of leaves, or pebbles, or tree bark (Fig. 1a). Lettvin (1976), offered this insight: “Let us say that to the extent that visible objects are different and far apart, they are forms. To the extent that they are ...
... some randomization in their location, size, color, orientation, etc; for example, an image of leaves, or pebbles, or tree bark (Fig. 1a). Lettvin (1976), offered this insight: “Let us say that to the extent that visible objects are different and far apart, they are forms. To the extent that they are ...
Functional Brain Changes Following Cognitive and Motor Skills
... 2.0.4,23 a coordinate-based, random-effects meta-analysis for functional neuroimaging data. The ALE method uses a series of permutations to differentiate statistically significant patterns of brain activity from random clustering (ie, noise) of foci, across multiple independent experiments.23 ALE ma ...
... 2.0.4,23 a coordinate-based, random-effects meta-analysis for functional neuroimaging data. The ALE method uses a series of permutations to differentiate statistically significant patterns of brain activity from random clustering (ie, noise) of foci, across multiple independent experiments.23 ALE ma ...
Brain Matters: Brain Anatomy
... parahippocampal gyrus is also involved in face recognition. Parietal lobes: The parietal lobes are regions in the brain that play an important role in integrating information from different senses to build a coherent picture of the world. They integrate information from the ventral visual pathways ( ...
... parahippocampal gyrus is also involved in face recognition. Parietal lobes: The parietal lobes are regions in the brain that play an important role in integrating information from different senses to build a coherent picture of the world. They integrate information from the ventral visual pathways ( ...
The Evolution of Neuron Types and Cortical
... their body weight. This form of locomotion may have been particularly important in allowing certain species to increase body size. In addition, compared to other primates, hominoids have extended periods of growth and development (Schultz, 1969), an increased complexity of social interactions (Potts ...
... their body weight. This form of locomotion may have been particularly important in allowing certain species to increase body size. In addition, compared to other primates, hominoids have extended periods of growth and development (Schultz, 1969), an increased complexity of social interactions (Potts ...
The amygdala, a part of the brain known for its role in fear, also
... communications channels with the prefrontal cortex — the brain’s control center for planning and decision making. Its strategic location allows the amygdala to act as a spotlight, calling attention to sensory input that is new, exciting and important. In this way, it helps predict the timing and loc ...
... communications channels with the prefrontal cortex — the brain’s control center for planning and decision making. Its strategic location allows the amygdala to act as a spotlight, calling attention to sensory input that is new, exciting and important. In this way, it helps predict the timing and loc ...
new insights into the functions of the superior temporal cortex
... received a lesion at one location only. In all other animals in which Watson et al.2 made STS lesions, ablation was added to pre-existing brain lesions (of inferior parietal cortex in two cases, and of frontal cortex and corpus callosum in the third). One of these monkeys (the one with frontal and c ...
... received a lesion at one location only. In all other animals in which Watson et al.2 made STS lesions, ablation was added to pre-existing brain lesions (of inferior parietal cortex in two cases, and of frontal cortex and corpus callosum in the third). One of these monkeys (the one with frontal and c ...
Mechanisms for Sensing Fat in Food in the Mouth
... the brain, and the information reaches the orbitofrontal cortex (which is secondary taste cortex) via the primary taste cortex in the insula (Verhagen and others 2004; Rolls 2011b). Figure 1 shows an example of a fat-responsive neuron in the orbitofrontal cortex where the evoked neuronal firing rate ...
... the brain, and the information reaches the orbitofrontal cortex (which is secondary taste cortex) via the primary taste cortex in the insula (Verhagen and others 2004; Rolls 2011b). Figure 1 shows an example of a fat-responsive neuron in the orbitofrontal cortex where the evoked neuronal firing rate ...
Self-Organization and Functional Role of Lateral Connections and
... frequency selectivity. In this so-called Miller's model [18], OR preference and spatial frequency selectivity develop together, and perhaps because of the interactions between these two domains, does not produce a clear columnar organization of spatial frequency selectivity. Although the above model ...
... frequency selectivity. In this so-called Miller's model [18], OR preference and spatial frequency selectivity develop together, and perhaps because of the interactions between these two domains, does not produce a clear columnar organization of spatial frequency selectivity. Although the above model ...
Thinking in circuits: toward neurobiological explanation in cognitive
... Pulvermüller 2002). Cell assemblies are sets of nerve cells that are “. . . more strongly connected to each other than to other neurons” (Braitenberg 1978).6 The neuron members of a cell assembly do not need to be located in a small part of the brain, for example a hypercolumn, but can be spread out ...
... Pulvermüller 2002). Cell assemblies are sets of nerve cells that are “. . . more strongly connected to each other than to other neurons” (Braitenberg 1978).6 The neuron members of a cell assembly do not need to be located in a small part of the brain, for example a hypercolumn, but can be spread out ...
Gaze effects in the cerebral cortex: reference frames for
... reaching movement in space. The mechanism of the necessary coordinate transformation between the different frames of reference from the visual to the motor system as well as its localization within the cerebral cortex is still unclear. Coordinate transformation is traditionally described as a series ...
... reaching movement in space. The mechanism of the necessary coordinate transformation between the different frames of reference from the visual to the motor system as well as its localization within the cerebral cortex is still unclear. Coordinate transformation is traditionally described as a series ...
Likelihood approaches to sensory coding in auditory cortex
... The nonlinear dependence on η was introduced in order to modulate the width parameter κ of the spherical basis functions and allow for the shape of the receptive field to depend on sound intensity. Similarly, the nonlinear dependence of mean latency on intensity is provided by introduction of the fi ...
... The nonlinear dependence on η was introduced in order to modulate the width parameter κ of the spherical basis functions and allow for the shape of the receptive field to depend on sound intensity. Similarly, the nonlinear dependence of mean latency on intensity is provided by introduction of the fi ...
BRAINSTEM
... Separated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by the lateral (Sylvian) sulcus. Serves various behavioral functions including movement control, speech, cognition, and the highest level of affective behaviors and emotions. Subdivided: superior frontal gyrus – motor ...
... Separated from the parietal lobe by the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by the lateral (Sylvian) sulcus. Serves various behavioral functions including movement control, speech, cognition, and the highest level of affective behaviors and emotions. Subdivided: superior frontal gyrus – motor ...
How the body controls brain temperature: the temperature shielding
... flow-by gas was passed through a heat exchanger in equilibrium with a room temperature water bath before reaching the animal. Rats were secured in a stereotaxic headframe (David Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, CA). To maintain constant body core temperature (Tbody, considered the same as rectal in this p ...
... flow-by gas was passed through a heat exchanger in equilibrium with a room temperature water bath before reaching the animal. Rats were secured in a stereotaxic headframe (David Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, CA). To maintain constant body core temperature (Tbody, considered the same as rectal in this p ...
Cortical cooling
Neuroscientists generate various studies to help explain many of the complex connections and functions of the brain. Most studies utilize animal models that have varying degrees of comparison to the human brain; for example, small rodents are less comparable than non-human primates. One of the most definitive ways of determining which sections of the brain contribute to certain behavior or function is to deactivate a section of the brain and observe what behavior is altered. Investigators have a wide range of options for deactivating neural tissue, and one of the more recently developed methods being used is deactivation through cooling. Cortical cooling refers to the cooling methods restricted to the cerebral cortex, where most higher brain processes occur. Below is a list of current cooling methods, their advantages and limitations, and some studies that have used cooling to elucidate neural functions.