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Plant systematic and taxonomy
Plant systematic and taxonomy

... necessary to identify and name them. These species are grouped into taxonomic groups, which are successively assigned the ranks of genera, families, orders, and the process continues till all the species have been arranged (classified) under a single largest, most inclusive group. ...
Effects of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. leaves on the
Effects of Calotropis procera (Ait.) R.Br. leaves on the

... growth and development of neighbouring plants. The allelochemicals are found in plant parts such as leaves, flowers, roots, fruits, stem, rhizomes and seeds( Sisodia and Siddiqui, 2010) from where they are released into the soil through volatilization, root exudation, leaching and decomposition of p ...
Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Babyleaf crops
Pests, Diseases and Disorders of Babyleaf crops

... Care has also been taken that all photographs are used appropriately, cited correctly and with permission where needed. The information contained therefore represents the authors’ best knowledge and understanding at the time of writing (May 2014). However, users are reminded to ensure that informati ...
chemical compounds investigation of lucas aspera leaves
chemical compounds investigation of lucas aspera leaves

... Leucas aspera (Willd.) Linn. (Family: Lamiaceae) commonly known as 'Thumbai is distributed throughout India from the Himalayas down to Ceylon. Leucas aspera is an annual, branched, herb erecting to a height of 15-60 cm with stout and hispid acutely quadrangular stem and branches. Leaves are sub-sess ...
Temperennials - Proven Winners
Temperennials - Proven Winners

... that the height, bloom time, and color may differ slightly in various climates throughout North America. Our listings typically describe the characteristics of a three year old plant. They are based on our own experience growing these plants in Michigan as well as numerous other resources including ...
A review on Griffonia simplicifollia - an ideal herbal anti
A review on Griffonia simplicifollia - an ideal herbal anti

... In Côte d’Ivoire and Nigeria the pulped bark is applied to syphilitic sores. A leaf decoction is used as an emetic, cough medicine and aphrodisiac. A decoction of s tems and leaves is taken as a purgative to treat constipation and is used externally as an antiseptic wash to treat suppurating wounds. ...
ANGIOSPERM FAMILIES 02
ANGIOSPERM FAMILIES 02

... • 18 extant species; several extinct species. ...
Bromeliad - Treemart
Bromeliad - Treemart

... Guzmanias and Vrieseas have softer, thinner foliage, require lower levels of light, and need to be watered more frequently. In most cases, bromeliads in low light conditions should require watering once per week, keeping the central cup almost dry and watering the ‘soil medium’. Care Instructions: W ...
Acer platanoides (Norway Maple) – non native
Acer platanoides (Norway Maple) – non native

... because of its strong spreading rhizome system, but the same  No biological control is available characteristics enable it to escape from cultivation and invade lawns, hedges, gardens, roadsides and waste places Form:  Flowering stems erect, 40-90cm (16-36in.) high, branched in the upper part but ...
Red Clover
Red Clover

... is also toxic) • Found: NOT in MI, found in southern US & on the west coast ...
Economically Important Diseases of Spinach
Economically Important Diseases of Spinach

... related to Swiss chard, sugar 'beet, and table beet. The plant produces a compact rosette of leaves and bolts (i.e., produces a seed stalk) in response to temperature and photoperiod. Spinach is usually dioecious, producing either male or female flowers. The majority of the spinach seed used in the ...
Poisonous Plants
Poisonous Plants

... is also toxic) • Found: NOT in MI, found in southern US & on the west coast ...
Plant Science
Plant Science

... • Oxygen is necessary for respiration to occur within a seed. Respiration converts the stored food in the seed into energy for germination. • Some seeds require less oxygen than others. • Oxygen deficiency occurs if seeds are planted in flooded or compacted soil. ...
Holly Collection - The Scott Arboretum of Swarthmore College
Holly Collection - The Scott Arboretum of Swarthmore College

... Hollies possess many characteristics that make them outstanding ornamental plants such as varying leaf size; red, orange, yellow, black, or white fruit color; cultural adaptability; and growth habits ranging from small shrub to large tree. There are evergreen and deciduous types. In general, hollies ...
Plant Diseases
Plant Diseases

... – Variable, may be slow decline or rapid death during dry weather – Root and crown root – Symptoms may include chlorosis, sparse foliage, reduced sized foliage in trees and shrubs • Causes – Fungi from the genus Phytopthora soilborne ...
Which Bamboo? - Bamboo Craftsman
Which Bamboo? - Bamboo Craftsman

... • Fargesia murielae - elegant, arching culms create umbrella effect • Fargesia nitida – ‘Blue Fountain bamboo’- reddish-purple culms Runners: • Phyllostachys nigra – Black bamboo & other forms of species • Psuedosasa japonica – ‘Japanese arrow’- slender, straight stalks Sasa palmata – large leaves c ...
Invasive Weed Identification for Nevada
Invasive Weed Identification for Nevada

... green leaves have a light green central vein, deeply cut lobes, and a spiny edge. Directly attached to the stem, the narrow leaves are up to 8 inches long and alternately arranged. Single flower heads grow on the ends of long stalks, are 1 1 /2 to 3 inches in diameter, and usually bend over at the n ...
Monarchs Without Borders Montréal Insectarium
Monarchs Without Borders Montréal Insectarium

... the chrysalis is jolted and falls because the container is dropped or for any other reason, you will need to reattach it. It's important to do so quickly and very carefully. First check to see whether there is still a tiny patch of silk attached to the cremaster. If so, stick a needle through the si ...
Chapter 9 THE KINGDOM PLANTAE
Chapter 9 THE KINGDOM PLANTAE

... in two very different places: Light and carbon dioxide are mainly available above the ground, while water and mineral nutrients are found mainly in the soil. Thus the complex bodies of plants show varying degrees of structural specialization into subterranean and aerial organs—roots and leaf-bearing ...
Hyoscyamus niger
Hyoscyamus niger

... On completion of this period you would be able to learn about the Monograph of the CNS Drug HYOSCYAMUS ...
Crape myrtle Lagerstroemia - Lake County Extension
Crape myrtle Lagerstroemia - Lake County Extension

... threatened in Burma and Thailand from overlogging. Extracts from some species’ plant parts reportedly have medicinal uses; extracts from L. speciosa can be found in over-thecounter supplements The most widely grown species of crape myrtle, indica, was cultivated in ancient China and introduced to U. ...
V - . . (G
V - . . (G

... long. A few parenchyma cells beneath the epidermal cells are narrower and have thickened cell walls. Some hypodermal cells (dark colored) beneath the base separate the prickle from the inner part, suggesting that the prickle is epidermal and cortical in origin. Structurally, these prickles are nearl ...
Superstar Spirea
Superstar Spirea

... to the ground and therefore doesn't necessarily require facer plants in front. It grows at a fast rate, and under ideal conditions can be expected to live for approximately 20 years. This shrub should only be grown in full sunlight. It prefers to grow in average to moist conditions, and shouldn't be ...
Plants-Flowers for Printing
Plants-Flowers for Printing

... from the stamen of one flower to the pistil of the the same flower. Sometimes the butterfly may carry pollen from the stamen of one flower to the pistil of another flower of the ...
Root crops - Sulang.org!
Root crops - Sulang.org!

... Taro is an Old World crop, thought to have been cultivated in Asia even before rice. It is easily recognized by its large ‘elephant ear’ (some would say ‘arrowhead’) leaves. Young leaves and petioles can be eaten, but it is best known for its edible corm (Indonesian: umbi). Whilst cultivated varieti ...
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Leaf



A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral appendage of the stem. The leaves and stem together form the shoot. Foliage is a mass noun that refers to leaves collectively.Typically a leaf is a thin, dorsiventrally flattened organ, borne above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Most leaves have distinctive upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces that differ in colour, hairiness, the number of stomata (pores that intake and output gases) and other features. In most plant species, leaves are broad and flat. Such species are referred to as broad-leaved plants. Many gymnosperm species have thin needle-like leaves that can be advantageous in cold climates frequented by snow and frost. Leaves can also have other shapes and forms such as the scales in certain species of conifers. Some leaves are not above ground (such as bulb scales). Succulent plants often have thick juicy leaves, but some leaves are without major photosynthetic function and may be dead at maturity, as in some cataphylls, and spines). Furthermore, several kinds of leaf-like structures found in vascular plants are not totally homologous with them. Examples include flattened plant stems (called phylloclades and cladodes), and phyllodes (flattened leaf stems), both of which differ from leaves in their structure and origin. Many structures of non-vascular plants, and even of some lichens, which are not plants at all (in the sense of being members of the kingdom Plantae), look and function much like leaves. The primary site of photosynthesis in most leaves (palisade mesophyll) almost always occurs on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf but in some species, including the mature foliage of Eucalyptus palisade occurs on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral.
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