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Full text in PDF file - International Journal of Pharmaceutical
Full text in PDF file - International Journal of Pharmaceutical

... An herb known as priyal is a drug of the ayurveda and the Unani system of medicine. It is known to have tonic, cardiotonic and astringent properties and is also used in the treatment of skin diseases. It is commonly known as Chironji1-4. It is a commercially useful tropical plant. Chironji tree is a ...
Blue Lake Bush: 55 days. Vigorous, branching plants produce heavy
Blue Lake Bush: 55 days. Vigorous, branching plants produce heavy

... Hale’s Best No. 36 Cantaloupe: 80 days. The fruit is highly flavored, beautiful and solidly netted, little if any suture and no ribs, spicy-salmon colored flesh. Fruit 2.5 to 3 pounds, uniform in size, slight oval shape. ...
Plant Physiology
Plant Physiology

... material indicated that doubling the isotopic dilution of leucine resulted in a similar effect on light and dark chloroplasts (Table I), indicating that the curtailed incorporation into dark chloroplasts was not a pool effect. Dithiothreitol, a potent reducing agent, reportedly reactivates various e ...
SEED CATALOG
SEED CATALOG

... Hale’s Best No. 36 Cantaloupe: 80 days. The fruit is highly flavored, beautiful and solidly netted, little if any suture and no ribs, spicy-salmon colored flesh. Fruit 2.5 to 3 pounds, uniform in size, slight oval shape. ...
origins and diversity of brassica and its relatives
origins and diversity of brassica and its relatives

... This research has generated a hypothetical scheme for the possible evolution of Brassica species and their subsequent domesticated variants (Fig. 1.3). ...
Anatomical structures of vegetative and - Tubitak Journals
Anatomical structures of vegetative and - Tubitak Journals

... Most of the Senna Mill. taxa, including the species under study, belonged to the genus Cassia L. until reassigned by Irwin and Barneby (1982) to follow the genus Senna; however, this process is not entirely complete, and some * Correspondence: [email protected] ...
Freshwater Tidal Marsh Field Guide
Freshwater Tidal Marsh Field Guide

... Common reed (*Phragmites australis) is a tall, thin grass that grows to be 12 to 18 feet tall. It grows in dense packs, and has fluffy flower heads that make it look like really tall wheat. *Photo courtesy of Steve Stanne. ...
Phlox paniculata
Phlox paniculata

... Height: Its height is 2-6 feet. Stem: Its stem is smooth, stout, and erect. Leaves: Its leaves are simple and opposite. There are about 15-40 leaf pairs spaced apart upon the stem. Each leaf is either sessile or short-petioled and does not clasp the stem. It is lanceolate, oblong, elliptic, or ovate ...
Earth`s Birthday Project
Earth`s Birthday Project

... Cotyledon (caw-duh-LEE-dun) – a part of the seed that stores nutrients (food) and will become a seed leaf when the seed germinates Dormant – resting during the winter, as buds and seeds do Embryo – a new, undeveloped plant contained in a seed Germinate – begin to grow after a period of dormancy (To ...
02_bufadienolide
02_bufadienolide

... Red “tulp” also sprouts annually from the perennial corm. It differs from yellow “tulp” as more than one leaf is usually formed (1-4 leaves per plant) and the leaf blades are slightly wider. The flowers are similar to those of yellow “tulp” and the petals are usually pink in colour with a distinct y ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press

... The chloroplasts of land plants contain internal membrane systems, the thylakoids, which are arranged in stacks called grana. Because grana have not been found in Cyanobacteria, the evolutionary origin of genes controlling the structural and functional diversification of thylakoidal membranes in lan ...
1.weed flora and weed distribution in rice
1.weed flora and weed distribution in rice

... Stem is round, striate, glabrous below and hairy. Leaves are oppositve, petioled, petiole sheathing at the base, obovate, in unequal pairs. Flowers is solitary and sessile. Fruit is capsule. Propagation by means of seeds and ...
plant diversity i: the colonization of land outline
plant diversity i: the colonization of land outline

... Plants have developed structural specializations in order to extract the resources needed for photosynthesis (water, minerals, carbon dioxide, light) from the terrestrial environment (above and below ground). • In most plants, gas exchange occurs via stomata, special pores on the surfaces of leaves ...
Current Page
Current Page

... Its green culms age to a purplish hue in good light, and are straight and strong with lush dark green leaves borne on short branches. It makes a fine plant for lining a path or growing against a wall, where the canes will not lean forward. In this situation it needs plenty of water. It may also be u ...
Yellow Clematis
Yellow Clematis

... at the ends of stems or in leaf axils – usually solitary but sometimes 2 or 3 together -on a short (0.5-3 cm) peduncle1 (flower stem). Bracts are similar to the leaves but smaller4. Seeds are oval (3.5-4.5 mm long) with silky tails about 5-6 cm long4. ...
BDB 2014 Picea study day, an introduction
BDB 2014 Picea study day, an introduction

... Pinales and Gnetales pollen tube : transporting sperm cells to egg cell Pinales = Conifers : complex ovulate cones, 6 families Pinaceae : new shoots becoming woody in their first year, 11 genera Picea : leaf base very prominent and soon woody ...
Invasive Plants - Michigan Natural Features Inventory
Invasive Plants - Michigan Natural Features Inventory

... and Environment (DNRE), Water Bureau for funding this field guide as part of a broader study. Many thanks to Gary Kohlhepp, Kay Edly and Michelle Selzer for supporting and recognizing the need for this work. Critical assistance and support for the overall project was also provided by Rick Hobrla, Er ...
Journal of The Bromeliad Society
Journal of The Bromeliad Society

... (Brako and Zarucchi 1993). The list presented in this paper all occur along or near the aerial walkway at the Amazon Center for Environmental Education and Research (ACEER) in northern Peru. The ACEER is located on the Amazon Biosphere Reserve which encompasses two hundred and fifty thousand acres o ...
11. PHOTOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS - Development of e
11. PHOTOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS - Development of e

... Schematic diagram of light reaction and Calvin cycle C4 cycle or Hatch and Slack pathway It is the alternate pathway of C3 cycle to fix CO2. In this cycle, the first formed stable compound is a 4 carbon compound viz., oxaloacetic acid. Hence it is called C4 cycle. The path way is also called as Hat ...
Setaria viridis: A Model for C4 Photosynthesis C W
Setaria viridis: A Model for C4 Photosynthesis C W

... This could potentially identify mutants with defects in CO2 concentration pathways. Similarly, mutants that are rescued under high CO2 but fail to grow in ambient conditions may identify mutants with leaky BS cells. However, these screens are not trivial to conduct with large plants like maize as it ...
INTRODUCTION - Appalachian Sustainable Development
INTRODUCTION - Appalachian Sustainable Development

... volume of ramps consumed at these festivals are gathered from the forests. In many areas, the annual intensive harvesting is seriously damaging the wild populations of ramps. Studies in Canada and Ohio demonstrated that ramps are very sensitive to how they are harvested. Years ago, gatherers would o ...
Seven new species of neotropical malpighiaceae
Seven new species of neotropical malpighiaceae

... Aspicarpa steinmannii differs from all other species of Aspicarpa by the combination of a shrubby habit with very small leaves lacking stipules, floral bracts equalling the vegetative leaves, chasmogamous flowers borne at the apex of branches, and a samara with the three equal wings. Much-branched s ...
Section 4 Betulaceae
Section 4 Betulaceae

... may also occur within woods and as part of scrub on chalk. It was usually coppiced in the past, either to form a dense boundary or as a source of hazel poles, regularly re-cut on a cycle of up to 10 years, so that the boles may be of great antiquity. It was one of the earliest colonising species aft ...
Local Edible Plants - Rumbalara
Local Edible Plants - Rumbalara

... are yellow and bell shaped. The fruit is cylindrical, fleshy and yellow-green. A parasite twiner. The seed germinates in the ground. The roots only function until the stem becomes parasitic, attaching themselves to the host plant by suckers along the stem. Stems are reddish, flowers white, and the e ...
PLANTAIN FHIA-20
PLANTAIN FHIA-20

... part and the flower end is shaped like a bottleneck. The FHIA-20 plants are tall and therefore prone to lodging in high winds. ...
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Leaf



A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral appendage of the stem. The leaves and stem together form the shoot. Foliage is a mass noun that refers to leaves collectively.Typically a leaf is a thin, dorsiventrally flattened organ, borne above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. Most leaves have distinctive upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces that differ in colour, hairiness, the number of stomata (pores that intake and output gases) and other features. In most plant species, leaves are broad and flat. Such species are referred to as broad-leaved plants. Many gymnosperm species have thin needle-like leaves that can be advantageous in cold climates frequented by snow and frost. Leaves can also have other shapes and forms such as the scales in certain species of conifers. Some leaves are not above ground (such as bulb scales). Succulent plants often have thick juicy leaves, but some leaves are without major photosynthetic function and may be dead at maturity, as in some cataphylls, and spines). Furthermore, several kinds of leaf-like structures found in vascular plants are not totally homologous with them. Examples include flattened plant stems (called phylloclades and cladodes), and phyllodes (flattened leaf stems), both of which differ from leaves in their structure and origin. Many structures of non-vascular plants, and even of some lichens, which are not plants at all (in the sense of being members of the kingdom Plantae), look and function much like leaves. The primary site of photosynthesis in most leaves (palisade mesophyll) almost always occurs on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf but in some species, including the mature foliage of Eucalyptus palisade occurs on both sides and the leaves are said to be isobilateral.
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