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Wave packets Uncertainty - cranson
Wave packets Uncertainty - cranson

... Heisenberg devised this thought experiment to show how interactions between an observer and the system under observation result in unavoidable and unpredictable disturbances in the system – a phenomenon that underlies Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle. The experiment attempts to measure the positio ...
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PDF (Size: 3.8M)

... J. J. Thomson conducted experiments of passing charge through the discharge tubes filled with gases at low pressure. On reducing the pressure of gas in the discharge tube, Faraday dark space and Crookes dark space were observed. Hertz, who experimentally proved the existence of electromagnetic rays ...
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... electrons into a total spin angular momentum S = s1 + s2 + · · ·. Only after that are these two added together to get the total angular momentum J = L + S. This is called L-S coupling or Russell-Saunders coupling . Since the energy of an isolated atom cannot depend on the direction of the total angu ...
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Quantum electrodynamics



In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interact and is the first theory where full agreement between quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. QED mathematically describes all phenomena involving electrically charged particles interacting by means of exchange of photons and represents the quantum counterpart of classical electromagnetism giving a complete account of matter and light interaction.In technical terms, QED can be described as a perturbation theory of the electromagnetic quantum vacuum. Richard Feynman called it ""the jewel of physics"" for its extremely accurate predictions of quantities like the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron and the Lamb shift of the energy levels of hydrogen.
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