microbiology - UtechDMD2015
... – Accidentially takes up chromosomal DNA – Phage replicates bacterial gene picked up replicates – Genes carried into cells that the progeny virus infected – Occurs most often ...
... – Accidentially takes up chromosomal DNA – Phage replicates bacterial gene picked up replicates – Genes carried into cells that the progeny virus infected – Occurs most often ...
The co-pathogenesis of influenza viruses with bacteria in the lung
... higher incidence of S. aureus was a striking departure from previous pandemics and seasonal epidemics and was initially blamed on the use of antibiotics that were effective against S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes and many strains of H. influenzae but not against emerging anti‑ biotic-resistant strains of ...
... higher incidence of S. aureus was a striking departure from previous pandemics and seasonal epidemics and was initially blamed on the use of antibiotics that were effective against S. pneumoniae, S. pyogenes and many strains of H. influenzae but not against emerging anti‑ biotic-resistant strains of ...
RNA genomes
... Hepatitis B virus Virology Lectures 2017 • Prof. Vincent Racaniello • Columbia University ...
... Hepatitis B virus Virology Lectures 2017 • Prof. Vincent Racaniello • Columbia University ...
Henry Potosnak
... Since different bacteriophages have specific adaptations to attach themselves to bacteria, each bacteriophage can attach to certain bacteria. The bacteria need the matching receptors to the bacteriophages’ adaptations. Bacteriophage virions cannot move independently, so they must rely on random enco ...
... Since different bacteriophages have specific adaptations to attach themselves to bacteria, each bacteriophage can attach to certain bacteria. The bacteria need the matching receptors to the bacteriophages’ adaptations. Bacteriophage virions cannot move independently, so they must rely on random enco ...
Virus Inactivation - Evaluation of Processes used in Biowaste
... rapidly, mainly in the form of large-scale production units with dense poultry populations, it is important to find hygienically appropriate disposal methods for poultry waste such as HW. In the event of an epizootic outbreak, such as avian influenza or Newcastle disease, hatcheries could be at risk ...
... rapidly, mainly in the form of large-scale production units with dense poultry populations, it is important to find hygienically appropriate disposal methods for poultry waste such as HW. In the event of an epizootic outbreak, such as avian influenza or Newcastle disease, hatcheries could be at risk ...
Pneumonia Causative Organism
... Viruses (e.g. adenoviruses, influenza viruses, metapneumovirus, HIV and parainfluenza virus) ...
... Viruses (e.g. adenoviruses, influenza viruses, metapneumovirus, HIV and parainfluenza virus) ...
Quantifying relative within-host replication fitness in influenza virus
... a need to be able to accurately assess the relative fitness of emergent drug-resistant influenza strains compared to contemporary circulating drug-susceptible wild-type strains. Previous studies have quantified the relative replication fitness of different pathogens using mathematical models (Marée et a ...
... a need to be able to accurately assess the relative fitness of emergent drug-resistant influenza strains compared to contemporary circulating drug-susceptible wild-type strains. Previous studies have quantified the relative replication fitness of different pathogens using mathematical models (Marée et a ...
Understanding phage, the viruses that infect
... d'Hérelle, working at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, announced on September 3, 1917 that he discovered "an invisible, antagonistic microbe of the dysentery bacillus". For d’Herelle, there was no question as to the nature of his discovery: "In a flash I had understood: what caused my clear spots was ...
... d'Hérelle, working at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, announced on September 3, 1917 that he discovered "an invisible, antagonistic microbe of the dysentery bacillus". For d’Herelle, there was no question as to the nature of his discovery: "In a flash I had understood: what caused my clear spots was ...
Hepatitis
... Scientists have identified 5 unique hepatitis viruses, identified by the letters A, B, C, D, and E. While all cause liver disease, they vary in important ways. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is present in the faces of infected persons and is most often transmitted through consumption of contaminated water ...
... Scientists have identified 5 unique hepatitis viruses, identified by the letters A, B, C, D, and E. While all cause liver disease, they vary in important ways. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is present in the faces of infected persons and is most often transmitted through consumption of contaminated water ...
Viruses and Bacteria
... The envelope helps the virus enter cells. It consists of proteins, lipids, and glycoproteins (glie koh PROH teenz), which are proteins with attached carbohydrate molecules that are derived from the host cell. Some viruses also contain specific enzymes. Viruses exist in a variety of shapes. Some viru ...
... The envelope helps the virus enter cells. It consists of proteins, lipids, and glycoproteins (glie koh PROH teenz), which are proteins with attached carbohydrate molecules that are derived from the host cell. Some viruses also contain specific enzymes. Viruses exist in a variety of shapes. Some viru ...
MS-SCI-LS-Unit 3 -- Chapter 9
... shaped like rods, bricks, threads, or bullets. There are even viruses that have complex, robot-like shapes, such as the bacteriophage in Figure 1. A bacteriophage (bak TEER ee oh fayj) is a virus that infects bacteria. In fact, its name means "bacteria eater." Although viruses may look different fro ...
... shaped like rods, bricks, threads, or bullets. There are even viruses that have complex, robot-like shapes, such as the bacteriophage in Figure 1. A bacteriophage (bak TEER ee oh fayj) is a virus that infects bacteria. In fact, its name means "bacteria eater." Although viruses may look different fro ...
Bacteria--Fungi Combined
... Antibiotics are widely used to kill bacterial infections—penicillin ...
... Antibiotics are widely used to kill bacterial infections—penicillin ...
COMMISSION DECISION of 27 February 2004 on measures to
... Article 13(1)(ii) of Directive 2000/29/EC, stating that they have been obtained by means of an appropriate acid extraction method, and: (a) that they originate in areas in which Pepino mosaic virus is known not to occur; or (b) that no symptoms of Pepino mosaic virus have been observed on the plants ...
... Article 13(1)(ii) of Directive 2000/29/EC, stating that they have been obtained by means of an appropriate acid extraction method, and: (a) that they originate in areas in which Pepino mosaic virus is known not to occur; or (b) that no symptoms of Pepino mosaic virus have been observed on the plants ...
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... and vehicles have been implicated in the mechanical transmission of the disease (Hyslop, 1970; Sellers, 1971). The natural route of FMDV infection is via the respiratory tract. Virus entry and mUltiplication tak.e place in the pharyngeal area, whereafter the virus spreads rapidly in the lymphatic sy ...
... and vehicles have been implicated in the mechanical transmission of the disease (Hyslop, 1970; Sellers, 1971). The natural route of FMDV infection is via the respiratory tract. Virus entry and mUltiplication tak.e place in the pharyngeal area, whereafter the virus spreads rapidly in the lymphatic sy ...
Proper Shipment of Patient Specimens and Infectious Substances
... A81 – The maximum quantity of infectious substance that can be shipped by air in one package is 4L or 4kg. The maximum quantity that may be shipped via passenger aircraft is 50mL or 50g. The Special Provision A81 allows the shipment of body parts, organs or whole bodies to not be restricted based on ...
... A81 – The maximum quantity of infectious substance that can be shipped by air in one package is 4L or 4kg. The maximum quantity that may be shipped via passenger aircraft is 50mL or 50g. The Special Provision A81 allows the shipment of body parts, organs or whole bodies to not be restricted based on ...
3. Biological method (experimental infection)
... arrangement. Tellurite plates will have to be incubated for at least two days before being considered negative, as growth may sometimes be delayed. The tellurite medium is particularly important in the isolation of diphtheria bacilli from convalescents, contacts and carriers as in these cases they m ...
... arrangement. Tellurite plates will have to be incubated for at least two days before being considered negative, as growth may sometimes be delayed. The tellurite medium is particularly important in the isolation of diphtheria bacilli from convalescents, contacts and carriers as in these cases they m ...
Amino Acid Changes in the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region
... to neutral amino acids, indicating that preserving the charge of the Cterminus of the MPER may be important for interactions with the viral membrane (Fig. 1C). Although rare, there were 51 Env sequences in the LANL database that had W680 changes. Like the change in CAP206, the majority of changes at ...
... to neutral amino acids, indicating that preserving the charge of the Cterminus of the MPER may be important for interactions with the viral membrane (Fig. 1C). Although rare, there were 51 Env sequences in the LANL database that had W680 changes. Like the change in CAP206, the majority of changes at ...
Viruses - Sign In
... Because of Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the human species had just such a shock. The invention of the light microscope opened our eyes to what the world around us is really like. And it opened our eyes almost overnight. Suddenly we saw that the block is very crowded! Microscopic life cove ...
... Because of Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the human species had just such a shock. The invention of the light microscope opened our eyes to what the world around us is really like. And it opened our eyes almost overnight. Suddenly we saw that the block is very crowded! Microscopic life cove ...
A biochemical portrait of the nidovirus RNA polymerases and helicase
... and economy [65,122,123,124]. Our primary goal for understanding the replication and transcription mechanisms of pathogenic RNA viruses is thus the discovery of new ways to frustrate RNA virus RNA synthesis and to understand how they acquire mutations or even new genes to escape immune systems and c ...
... and economy [65,122,123,124]. Our primary goal for understanding the replication and transcription mechanisms of pathogenic RNA viruses is thus the discovery of new ways to frustrate RNA virus RNA synthesis and to understand how they acquire mutations or even new genes to escape immune systems and c ...
Replication Patterns of Specific Viruses
... At the same time, the relative ease of maintaining the virus and replicating it in culture led to its early exploitation for molecular biological studies. It is still a favored model. Other closely related picornaviruses include rhinoviruses and hepatitis A virus. These replicate in a generally simi ...
... At the same time, the relative ease of maintaining the virus and replicating it in culture led to its early exploitation for molecular biological studies. It is still a favored model. Other closely related picornaviruses include rhinoviruses and hepatitis A virus. These replicate in a generally simi ...
lytic cycle.
... • No Nucleus! All bacteria are single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus. An organism that does not have a nucleus is called a prokaryote. • Bacterial Reproduction Bacteria reproduce by a process called binary fission, in which one singlecelled organism splits into two single-celled ...
... • No Nucleus! All bacteria are single-celled organisms that do not have a nucleus. An organism that does not have a nucleus is called a prokaryote. • Bacterial Reproduction Bacteria reproduce by a process called binary fission, in which one singlecelled organism splits into two single-celled ...
Reinvestigation of the role of the rabies virus glycoprotein in viral
... by G but also by other factors. Since the transcription levels of viral mRNA in recombinant virusinfected cells were much higher than in cells infected with pathogenic wild-type viruses, it is possible that the reduced pathogenicity observed with R-N2c and R-B2c is at least in part due to an increas ...
... by G but also by other factors. Since the transcription levels of viral mRNA in recombinant virusinfected cells were much higher than in cells infected with pathogenic wild-type viruses, it is possible that the reduced pathogenicity observed with R-N2c and R-B2c is at least in part due to an increas ...
Mechanisms of Multi-strain Coexistence in Host
... mortality, by delineating the specific phage types capable of infecting and lysing specific host types and, potentially, the taxonomic and biogeographic drivers of cross-infection [10]. Although predictive models of cross-infection remain elusive, it is evident that a single virus can infect multipl ...
... mortality, by delineating the specific phage types capable of infecting and lysing specific host types and, potentially, the taxonomic and biogeographic drivers of cross-infection [10]. Although predictive models of cross-infection remain elusive, it is evident that a single virus can infect multipl ...
Virus
A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms. Viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.Since Dmitri Ivanovsky's 1892 article describing a non-bacterial pathogen infecting tobacco plants, and the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus by Martinus Beijerinck in 1898, about 5,000 virus species have been described in detail, although there are millions of different types. Viruses are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and are the most abundant type of biological entity. The study of viruses is known as virology, a sub-speciality of microbiology.While not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell, viruses exist in the form of independent particles. These viral particles, also known as virions, consist of two or three parts: (i) the genetic material made from either DNA or RNA, long molecules that carry genetic information; (ii) a protein coat, called the capsid, which surrounds and protects the genetic material; and in some cases (iii) an envelope of lipids that surrounds the protein coat when they are outside a cell. The shapes of these virus particles range from simple helical and icosahedral forms for some virus species to more complex structures for others. Most virus species have virions that are too small to be seen with an optical microscope. The average virion is about one one-hundredth the size of the average bacterium.The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria. In evolution, viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer, which increases genetic diversity. Viruses are considered by some to be a life form, because they carry genetic material, reproduce, and evolve through natural selection. However they lack key characteristics (such as cell structure) that are generally considered necessary to count as life. Because they possess some but not all such qualities, viruses have been described as ""organisms at the edge of life"".Viruses spread in many ways; viruses in plants are often transmitted from plant to plant by insects that feed on plant sap, such as aphids; viruses in animals can be carried by blood-sucking insects. These disease-bearing organisms are known as vectors. Influenza viruses are spread by coughing and sneezing. Norovirus and rotavirus, common causes of viral gastroenteritis, are transmitted by the faecal–oral route and are passed from person to person by contact, entering the body in food or water. HIV is one of several viruses transmitted through sexual contact and by exposure to infected blood. The range of host cells that a virus can infect is called its ""host range"". This can be narrow, meaning a virus is capable of infecting few species, or broad, meaning it is capable of infecting many.Viral infections in animals provoke an immune response that usually eliminates the infecting virus. Immune responses can also be produced by vaccines, which confer an artificially acquired immunity to the specific viral infection. However, some viruses including those that cause AIDS and viral hepatitis evade these immune responses and result in chronic infections. Antibiotics have no effect on viruses, but several antiviral drugs have been developed.