Pasteur, Spontaneous generation, The germ theory of disease
... a control group of unvaccinated animals were healthy, whereas all the unvaccinated ones were dead or dying. Pasteur's crowning achievement, the rabies vaccine, developed in 1885, was for a disease like anthrax, common to animals and human beings [8]. He began this work in 1880 and after numerous exp ...
... a control group of unvaccinated animals were healthy, whereas all the unvaccinated ones were dead or dying. Pasteur's crowning achievement, the rabies vaccine, developed in 1885, was for a disease like anthrax, common to animals and human beings [8]. He began this work in 1880 and after numerous exp ...
Ammonia as an In Situ Sanitizer: Influence of Virus Genome Type on
... produced by urea and protein hydrolysis during the storage and digestion of HEAM (11, 12). In its neutral dissolved form, aqueous ammonia (NH3(aq)) is a major nitrogen source for bacteria, eukaryotic microbes, fungi, and plants. However, NH3(aq) may become harmful at elevated concentrations (13); it ...
... produced by urea and protein hydrolysis during the storage and digestion of HEAM (11, 12). In its neutral dissolved form, aqueous ammonia (NH3(aq)) is a major nitrogen source for bacteria, eukaryotic microbes, fungi, and plants. However, NH3(aq) may become harmful at elevated concentrations (13); it ...
Chapter 13
... 13-5 Describe how bacteriophages are cultured. 13-6 Describe how animal viruses are cultured. 13-7 List three techniques used to identify viruses. ...
... 13-5 Describe how bacteriophages are cultured. 13-6 Describe how animal viruses are cultured. 13-7 List three techniques used to identify viruses. ...
MS-SCI-LS-Unit 3 -- Chapter 9
... vaccine puts the body "on alert." If that disease-causing virus ever invades the body, it is destroyed before it can cause disease. You may have been vaccinated against diseases such as polio, measles, and chickenpox. Another important way to protect against viral diseases is to keep your body healt ...
... vaccine puts the body "on alert." If that disease-causing virus ever invades the body, it is destroyed before it can cause disease. You may have been vaccinated against diseases such as polio, measles, and chickenpox. Another important way to protect against viral diseases is to keep your body healt ...
SYNOPSIS
... Host defenses. Nonspecific defenses. Physical barriers. Phagocytic cells. Proteins: the complement system, lysozyme, and interferons. ...
... Host defenses. Nonspecific defenses. Physical barriers. Phagocytic cells. Proteins: the complement system, lysozyme, and interferons. ...
microbiology - UtechDMD2015
... Survival in Oxygen • Used to classify bacteria • All bacteria produce Superoxide ion (O2-) in the presence of Oxygen. • Superoxide dismutase + O2- Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) • Catalase or Peroxidase + H2O2 H2O + O2 • Obligate Anaerobes lack these enzymes therefore Oxygen is toxic to them. (Clostri ...
... Survival in Oxygen • Used to classify bacteria • All bacteria produce Superoxide ion (O2-) in the presence of Oxygen. • Superoxide dismutase + O2- Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) • Catalase or Peroxidase + H2O2 H2O + O2 • Obligate Anaerobes lack these enzymes therefore Oxygen is toxic to them. (Clostri ...
Respiratory Tract Diseases The respiratory tract is the most common
... organisms are found just inside the nares and include Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis. 2. In addition to the staphylococci, aerobic corynebacteria ("diphtheroids") can be cultured from the nasal surfaces. 3. Small numbers of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus ...
... organisms are found just inside the nares and include Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis. 2. In addition to the staphylococci, aerobic corynebacteria ("diphtheroids") can be cultured from the nasal surfaces. 3. Small numbers of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus ...
Small hive beetle, Aethina tumida, as a potential biological vector of
... for SHB to obtain food in such prisons except in rare cases of cannibalism (Neumann et al., 2001a). Another possible contamination route is through feeding on virus infected dead workers and bee brood, because small hive beetles may be also scavengers of honeybees. Moreover, the beetles also eat pol ...
... for SHB to obtain food in such prisons except in rare cases of cannibalism (Neumann et al., 2001a). Another possible contamination route is through feeding on virus infected dead workers and bee brood, because small hive beetles may be also scavengers of honeybees. Moreover, the beetles also eat pol ...
Viruses and Bacteria
... cell. This cycle is shown in Figure 4. In some lysogenic viruses, a change in the environment can cause the provirus to begin the lytic cycle. This results in the destruction of the host cell. In animal cells, viruses can replicate slowly so that the host cell is not destroyed by the virus. For exam ...
... cell. This cycle is shown in Figure 4. In some lysogenic viruses, a change in the environment can cause the provirus to begin the lytic cycle. This results in the destruction of the host cell. In animal cells, viruses can replicate slowly so that the host cell is not destroyed by the virus. For exam ...
What is feline leukemia virus
... immunodeficiency virus (HIV), produce an enzyme, reverse transcriptase, which permits them to insert copies of their own genetic material into that of the cells they have infected. Although related, FeLV and FIV differ in many ways, including their shape: FeLV is more circular while FIV is elongated ...
... immunodeficiency virus (HIV), produce an enzyme, reverse transcriptase, which permits them to insert copies of their own genetic material into that of the cells they have infected. Although related, FeLV and FIV differ in many ways, including their shape: FeLV is more circular while FIV is elongated ...
Vaccine Development Using Recombinant DNA Technology
... tool in fighting disease has resulted in the potential to combat almost all infectious agents affecting people and animals. The ultimate objective of vaccination is to induce an immune response that subsequently recognizes the infectious agent and fights off the disease. Current public health threat ...
... tool in fighting disease has resulted in the potential to combat almost all infectious agents affecting people and animals. The ultimate objective of vaccination is to induce an immune response that subsequently recognizes the infectious agent and fights off the disease. Current public health threat ...
Vaccine Development Using Recombinant DNA Technology
... tool in fighting disease has resulted in the potential to combat almost all infectious agents affecting people and animals. The ultimate objective of vaccination is to induce an immune response that subsequently recognizes the infectious agent and fights off the disease. Current public health threat ...
... tool in fighting disease has resulted in the potential to combat almost all infectious agents affecting people and animals. The ultimate objective of vaccination is to induce an immune response that subsequently recognizes the infectious agent and fights off the disease. Current public health threat ...
Vaccine Development Using Recombinant DNA Technology
... tool in fighting disease has resulted in the potential to combat almost all infectious agents affecting people and animals. The ultimate objective of vaccination is to induce an immune response that subsequently recognizes the infectious agent and fights off the disease. Current public health threat ...
... tool in fighting disease has resulted in the potential to combat almost all infectious agents affecting people and animals. The ultimate objective of vaccination is to induce an immune response that subsequently recognizes the infectious agent and fights off the disease. Current public health threat ...
Replicon RNA Viral Vectors as Vaccines
... (BHK) cells. The replication-proficient system utilizes a full-length vector, where the GoI can be introduced either downstream of the nsP1-4 genes or the structural genes. In vitro transcribed RNA can be applied for immunization, but due to the presence of full-length alphavirus genomic RNA, replic ...
... (BHK) cells. The replication-proficient system utilizes a full-length vector, where the GoI can be introduced either downstream of the nsP1-4 genes or the structural genes. In vitro transcribed RNA can be applied for immunization, but due to the presence of full-length alphavirus genomic RNA, replic ...
Glencoe Biology - Mr. Jones Jaguars
... Viruses that have RNA instead of DNA for their genetic material Retroviruses have a protein capsid. Lipid envelope is obtained from the plasma membrane of a host cell ...
... Viruses that have RNA instead of DNA for their genetic material Retroviruses have a protein capsid. Lipid envelope is obtained from the plasma membrane of a host cell ...
who estimates of the global burden of foodborne diseases
... in the burden of foodborne disease among subregions delimited on the basis of child and adult mortality. The highest burden per population was observed in Africa (AFR) (AFR D and AFR E subregions), followed by SouthEast Asia (SEAR) (SEAR B and SEAR D subregions) and Eastern Mediterranean (EMR) D sub ...
... in the burden of foodborne disease among subregions delimited on the basis of child and adult mortality. The highest burden per population was observed in Africa (AFR) (AFR D and AFR E subregions), followed by SouthEast Asia (SEAR) (SEAR B and SEAR D subregions) and Eastern Mediterranean (EMR) D sub ...
Plant Virus RNAs. Coordinated Recruitment of Conserved Host
... through features in their genomic RNA. An interaction between the 5# UTR and 3# translation enhancer (TED) of satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV; Tombusviridae) facilitates its cap-independent translation. Translation of STNV RNA lacking a functional TED can be restored in vitro by capping the 5 ...
... through features in their genomic RNA. An interaction between the 5# UTR and 3# translation enhancer (TED) of satellite tobacco necrosis virus (STNV; Tombusviridae) facilitates its cap-independent translation. Translation of STNV RNA lacking a functional TED can be restored in vitro by capping the 5 ...
Special microbiology
... 10. Endospore formation is a property of: A. Escherichia coli B. Staphylococcus aureus C. Treponema pallidum D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis E. *Clostridium botulinum 11. A patient becomes infected with Salmonella enterica serotype typhi. Which condition would most strongly favor development of a "ch ...
... 10. Endospore formation is a property of: A. Escherichia coli B. Staphylococcus aureus C. Treponema pallidum D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis E. *Clostridium botulinum 11. A patient becomes infected with Salmonella enterica serotype typhi. Which condition would most strongly favor development of a "ch ...
Bacteria & Viruses
... required the development of new and harsher antibiotics for fighting bacterial infections? A. endospore formation B. fast population growth C. high mutation rate D. rapid reproduction ...
... required the development of new and harsher antibiotics for fighting bacterial infections? A. endospore formation B. fast population growth C. high mutation rate D. rapid reproduction ...
Spinal Cord Ventral Horns and Lymphoid Organ Involvement in
... disorientation, and headaches. POWV encephalitis is characterized by vomiting, respiratory distress, convulsions and long-lasting fever. The encephalopathy described for POWV includes general weakness, ataxia, tremors and respiratory failure in the more severe cases. Lethargy and paralysis are usual ...
... disorientation, and headaches. POWV encephalitis is characterized by vomiting, respiratory distress, convulsions and long-lasting fever. The encephalopathy described for POWV includes general weakness, ataxia, tremors and respiratory failure in the more severe cases. Lethargy and paralysis are usual ...
IMMUNITY
... immunizing antigen cell. It is intended to increase immunity against that antigen back to protective levels after it has been shown to have decreased or after a specified period. i.e To maintain immunity level after it declines after some time has elapsed (DT, MMR) ...
... immunizing antigen cell. It is intended to increase immunity against that antigen back to protective levels after it has been shown to have decreased or after a specified period. i.e To maintain immunity level after it declines after some time has elapsed (DT, MMR) ...
Virology - UAMS.edu
... 62. If you were the microbiology laboratory director, what tests would you institute for identification of anaerobes? 63. Describe colonies of Porphyromonas and some Prevotella on blood agar, especially laked blood agar. 64. Name the antimicrobial agents that are effective against virtually all Bact ...
... 62. If you were the microbiology laboratory director, what tests would you institute for identification of anaerobes? 63. Describe colonies of Porphyromonas and some Prevotella on blood agar, especially laked blood agar. 64. Name the antimicrobial agents that are effective against virtually all Bact ...
Social history of viruses
The social history of viruses describes the influence of viruses and viral infections on human history. Epidemics caused by viruses began when human behaviour changed during the Neolithic period, around 12,000 years ago, when humans developed more densely populated agricultural communities. This allowed viruses to spread rapidly and subsequently to become endemic. Viruses of plants and livestock also increased, and as humans became dependent on agriculture and farming, diseases such as potyviruses of potatoes and rinderpest of cattle had devastating consequences.Smallpox and measles viruses are among the oldest that infect humans. Having evolved from viruses that infected other animals, they first appeared in humans in Europe and North Africa thousands of years ago. The viruses were later carried to the New World by Europeans during the time of the Spanish Conquests, but the indigenous people had no natural resistance to the viruses and millions of them died during epidemics. Influenza pandemics have been recorded since 1580, and they have occurred with increasing frequency in subsequent centuries. The pandemic of 1918–19, in which 40–50 million died in less than a year, was one of the most devastating in history.Louis Pasteur and Edward Jenner were the first to develop vaccines to protect against viral infections. The nature of viruses remained unknown until the invention of the electron microscope in the 1930s, when the science of virology gained momentum. In the 20th century many diseases both old and new were found to be caused by viruses. There were epidemics of poliomyelitis that were only controlled following the development of a vaccine in the 1950s. HIV is one of the most pathogenic new viruses to have emerged in centuries. Although scientific interest in them arose because of the diseases they cause, most viruses are beneficial. They drive evolution by transferring genes across species, play important roles in ecosystems and are essential to life.