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03/27/15 Approved - Utah State University
03/27/15 Approved - Utah State University

... PSC 13XX Forum on the Land, Plant, & Climate Systems (BPS) Introductory breadth physical science class designed to explore global challenges facing the world and local communities in food security, water availability, land degradation, climate change and agricultural and environmental sustainability ...
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Chapter 4 Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry 4.1
Chapter 4 Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry 4.1

... the combination of two different compounds to form a new compound. For example, oxygen reacts with sulfur dioxide to make sulfur trioxide. 2 SO2(g) + O2(g)  2 SO3(g) Sulfur trioxide and water undergo a combination reaction to form sulfuric acid. SO3(g) + H2O()  H2SO4(aq) Notice that in all combin ...
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Organic and Bio-Molecular Chemistry

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Packet 1 - Kentucky Community and Technical College System
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... This type of reaction can be called an exchange reaction, double displacement or metathesis. There are three basic types: a.) precipitation, b.) acid-base, and c.) gas-forming. All involve the exchange of ions to form a new . As my high school chemistry instructor liked to say, “Switch partners and ...
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... Rule #4: The oxidation number of oxygen in most of its compounds is -2. Exceptions: in peroxides, the oxidation number of oxygen is -1. in a binary compound with fluorine the oxidation number may be +1 or +2 Rule #5: The oxidation number of hydrogen in most of its compounds is +1, Exception: in hydr ...
Chem12 SM Unit 5 Review final ok
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... 42. (a) In P2O5, the oxidation number of O is –2 and the oxidation number of P is +5. (b) In NO2, the oxidation number of O is –2 and the oxidation number of N is +4. (c) In Na2SO4, the oxidation number of Na is +1, the oxidation number of O is –2, and the oxidation number of S is +6. (d) In Cu(NO3) ...
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... Granite forms small bodies cropping out at several localities in the Gemericum. The presence of large volumes of granite at depth was confirmed by numerous boreholes and geophysical measurements (Plančar et al. 1977). In the Dlhá Dolina Valley, the granite is not exposed on the surface, but was pene ...
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... Rule #4: The oxidation number of oxygen in most of its compounds is -2. Exceptions: in peroxides, the oxidation number of oxygen is -1. in a binary compound with fluorine the oxidation number may be +1 or +2 Rule #5: The oxidation number of hydrogen in most of its compounds is +1, Exception: in hydr ...
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... central atom is surrounded by three shared pairs of electrons. According to VSEPR theory, these electrons should be as far apart as possible, so that the electrostatic force of repulsion between them is the minimum. In such a case, the three electron pairs arrange themselves in trigonal planar geome ...
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Pedosphere

The pedosphere (from Greek πέδον pedon ""soil"" or ""earth"" and σφαίρα sfaíra ""sphere"") is the outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes. It exists at the interface of the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere. The sum total of all the organisms, soils, water and air is termed as the ""pedosphere"". The pedosphere is the skin of the Earth and only develops when there is a dynamic interaction between the atmosphere (air in and above the soil), biosphere (living organisms), lithosphere (unconsolidated regolith and consolidated bedrock) and the hydrosphere (water in, on and below the soil). The pedosphere is the foundation of terrestrial life on this planet. There is a realization that the pedosphere needs to be distinctly recognized as a dynamic interface of all terrestrial ecosystems and be integrated into the Earth System Science knowledge base.The pedosphere acts as the mediator of chemical and biogeochemical flux into and out of these respective systems and is made up of gaseous, mineralic, fluid and biologic components. The pedosphere lies within the Critical Zone, a broader interface that includes vegetation, pedosphere, groundwater aquifer systems, regolith and finally ends at some depth in the bedrock where the biosphere and hydrosphere cease to make significant changes to the chemistry at depth. As part of the larger global system, any particular environment in which soil forms is influenced solely by its geographic position on the globe as climatic, geologic, biologic and anthropogenic changes occur with changes in longitude and latitude.The pedosphere lies below the vegetative cover of the biosphere and above the hydrosphere and lithosphere. The soil forming process (pedogenesis) can begin without the aid of biology but is significantly quickened in the presence of biologic reactions. Soil formation begins with the chemical and/or physical breakdown of minerals to form the initial material that overlies the bedrock substrate. Biology quickens this by secreting acidic compounds (dominantly fulvic acids) that help break rock apart. Particular biologic pioneers are lichen, mosses and seed bearing plants but many other inorganic reactions take place that diversify the chemical makeup of the early soil layer. Once weathering and decomposition products accumulate, a coherent soil body allows the migration of fluids both vertically and laterally through the soil profile causing ion exchange between solid, fluid and gaseous phases. As time progresses, the bulk geochemistry of the soil layer will deviate away from the initial composition of the bedrock and will evolve to a chemistry that reflects the type of reactions that take place in the soil.
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