Probabilistic Inductive Logic Programming
... banks such as the UPenn Wall Street Journal corpus [26], which contain parse trees. These trees directly correspond to the proof-trees we talk about. Even ...
... banks such as the UPenn Wall Street Journal corpus [26], which contain parse trees. These trees directly correspond to the proof-trees we talk about. Even ...
![arXiv:1410.5037v2 [cs.LO] 18 Jun 2016](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/007883898_2-29c425582568c0e0d15c3d815896c9cf-300x300.png)
article in press - School of Computer Science
... InclPP (z1 , z2 ) = P (z1 , z2 ) ∨ P (z1 , z2 ) Theorem 12. Let φ ∈ GF 2mon and C be an acyclic set of mso closure conditions on relations in φ so that at most one closure condition is associated with each relation. It is decidable whether φ is satisfiable in a model satisfying C. Proof. The proof ...
... InclPP (z1 , z2 ) = P (z1 , z2 ) ∨ P (z1 , z2 ) Theorem 12. Let φ ∈ GF 2mon and C be an acyclic set of mso closure conditions on relations in φ so that at most one closure condition is associated with each relation. It is decidable whether φ is satisfiable in a model satisfying C. Proof. The proof ...
artificial intelligence (AI)
... The evolution of expert systems illustrates the point. The earliest expert systems, such as MYCIN (a program that reasons about bacterial infections, see Buchanan & Shortliffe 1984), were based entirely on large systems of procedural rules, with no separate representation of the background knowledge ...
... The evolution of expert systems illustrates the point. The earliest expert systems, such as MYCIN (a program that reasons about bacterial infections, see Buchanan & Shortliffe 1984), were based entirely on large systems of procedural rules, with no separate representation of the background knowledge ...
A Well-Founded Semantics for Logic Programs with Abstract
... model semantics was first proposed for normal logic programs by Gelfond and Lifschitz in 1988, various extensions have been put forward for theoretical and/or practical reasons. These include disjunctive logic programs (Gelfond and Lifschitz 1991), nested logic programs (Lifschitz, Tang, and Turner ...
... model semantics was first proposed for normal logic programs by Gelfond and Lifschitz in 1988, various extensions have been put forward for theoretical and/or practical reasons. These include disjunctive logic programs (Gelfond and Lifschitz 1991), nested logic programs (Lifschitz, Tang, and Turner ...
Logic Programming with Defaults and Argumentation Theories*
... there has been a bewildering multitude of formal approaches to defeasibility based on a wide variety of intuitions about desired behavior and conceptualization. The difficulties in agreeing on what is the “right” intuition are discussed in [17,6] among others. On top of this, the formal machinery em ...
... there has been a bewildering multitude of formal approaches to defeasibility based on a wide variety of intuitions about desired behavior and conceptualization. The difficulties in agreeing on what is the “right” intuition are discussed in [17,6] among others. On top of this, the formal machinery em ...
Genetic Algorithm Optimization of Membership Functions for
... Use an heuristic function (or objective or evaluation function) to decide which direction to move in the search space. Always move toward the state that appears to be best (basing all decisions on local information). Assume that we want to maximize the value of the function. Can also be used for min ...
... Use an heuristic function (or objective or evaluation function) to decide which direction to move in the search space. Always move toward the state that appears to be best (basing all decisions on local information). Assume that we want to maximize the value of the function. Can also be used for min ...
The unintended interpretations of intuitionistic logic
... Brouwer’s ideas about language did not prevent others from considering formalizations of parts of intuitionism. A. N. Kolmogorov [Kolmogorov 1925] gave an incomplete description of first-order predicate logic. Of particular interest is his description of the double negation translation. Although thi ...
... Brouwer’s ideas about language did not prevent others from considering formalizations of parts of intuitionism. A. N. Kolmogorov [Kolmogorov 1925] gave an incomplete description of first-order predicate logic. Of particular interest is his description of the double negation translation. Although thi ...
A Computational Intelligence Approach to Modelling Interstate Conflict
... failure of statistical methods might be attributed to the fact that the interstate variables related to MID are non-linear, highly interdependent and context dependent. This means conflict modelling requires more suitable techniques. Neural networks, particularly multilayer perceptrons (MLPs), have ...
... failure of statistical methods might be attributed to the fact that the interstate variables related to MID are non-linear, highly interdependent and context dependent. This means conflict modelling requires more suitable techniques. Neural networks, particularly multilayer perceptrons (MLPs), have ...
Hoare Logic, Weakest Liberal Preconditions
... if the logic language is expressive enough, then any valid triple {P }s{Q} can be derived using the rules. The logic in which annotations are written needs to be expressive enough, so that the loop invariants needed can be obtained, in theory. It is the case here since we have multiplication operato ...
... if the logic language is expressive enough, then any valid triple {P }s{Q} can be derived using the rules. The logic in which annotations are written needs to be expressive enough, so that the loop invariants needed can be obtained, in theory. It is the case here since we have multiplication operato ...
Propositional Logic What is logic? Propositions Negation
... – If p is the proposition “ISE students love logic”, and q is the proposition “ISE students are crazy”, then – p ∧ q is the proposition “ISE students love logic and are crazy” – p ∨ q is the proposition “ISE students either love logic, or are crazy, or both” Note the syntax is different to that used ...
... – If p is the proposition “ISE students love logic”, and q is the proposition “ISE students are crazy”, then – p ∧ q is the proposition “ISE students love logic and are crazy” – p ∨ q is the proposition “ISE students either love logic, or are crazy, or both” Note the syntax is different to that used ...
Chapter 2, Logic
... limitations of Aristotelian Logic, yet little was done extend formal Logic until Mathematicians began to take an interest in the subject. For more that two millennia after Aristotle’s death Logic, despite minor amplifications, remained much as he left it. Only when George Boole (1815-1864) made a fr ...
... limitations of Aristotelian Logic, yet little was done extend formal Logic until Mathematicians began to take an interest in the subject. For more that two millennia after Aristotle’s death Logic, despite minor amplifications, remained much as he left it. Only when George Boole (1815-1864) made a fr ...
KnotandTonk 1 Preliminaries
... ferentially specified) meanings of the other connectives. This raises a further parallel between inferentialist reactions to Knot and semanticist reactions to Tonk. Semanticists sometimes allege that the natural deduction rules for Tonk fail even to define a meaningful connective, on the grounds th ...
... ferentially specified) meanings of the other connectives. This raises a further parallel between inferentialist reactions to Knot and semanticist reactions to Tonk. Semanticists sometimes allege that the natural deduction rules for Tonk fail even to define a meaningful connective, on the grounds th ...
Fuzzy logic
Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth values of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1. By contrast, in Boolean logic, the truth values of variables may only be 0 or 1. Fuzzy logic has been extended to handle the concept of partial truth, where the truth value may range between completely true and completely false. Furthermore, when linguistic variables are used, these degrees may be managed by specific functions.The term fuzzy logic was introduced with the 1965 proposal of fuzzy set theory by Lotfi A. Zadeh. Fuzzy logic has been applied to many fields, from control theory to artificial intelligence. Fuzzy logic had however been studied since the 1920s, as infinite-valued logic—notably by Łukasiewicz and Tarski.