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The logic and mathematics of occasion sentences
The logic and mathematics of occasion sentences

Partial Grounded Fixpoints
Partial Grounded Fixpoints

... groundedness for points x ∈ L. It is based on the same intuitions, but applied in a more general context. We again explain the intuitions under the assumption that the elements of L are sets of “facts” and the ≤ relation is the subset relation between such sets. In this case, a point (x, y) ∈ Lc rep ...
A Proof Theory for Generic Judgments
A Proof Theory for Generic Judgments

... Γ0 , ∀xB −→ C is proved using the introduction of ∀ on the left from the premise Γ0 , B[t/x] −→ C, where t is some term. To reduce the rank of the cut formula ∀x.B between the sequents Γ −→ ∀x.B and Γ0 , ∀xB −→ C, the eigenvariable c in the sequent calculus proof Π(c) must be substituted by t to yie ...
Lecture 2
Lecture 2

... • Boolean expressions are constructed from the constants true and false, Boolean variables, which can be associated (only) with the values true and false , and the Boolean operators such as (, , , ˅, ˄). The constants true and false are often called Boolean values, and a Boolean expression is oft ...
Modal Logic - Web Services Overview
Modal Logic - Web Services Overview

... Syntax of Modal Logic (□ and ◊) Formulae in (propositional) Modal Logic ML: • The Language of ML contains the Language of Propositional Calculus, i.e. if P is a formula in Propositional Calculus, then P is a formula in ML. • If  and  are formulae in ML, then ...
propositional logic extended with a pedagogically useful relevant
propositional logic extended with a pedagogically useful relevant

... Abstract. First and foremost, this paper concerns the combination of classical propositional logic with a relevant implication. The proposed combination is simple and transparent from a proof theoretic point of view and at the same time extremely useful for relating formal logic to natural language ...
Reasoning about Action and Cooperation
Reasoning about Action and Cooperation

... Vthe case where our action expression is of the form αA = A ∧ {¬a | a ∈ Ac and a 6∈ A} for some set of actions A. Suppose [αA ]ψ 6∈ Σ for some A. With axiom 2 and the consistency of Σ, this means that {χ | [αA ]χ ∈ Σ} ∪ {¬ψ} is consistent. This set can be extended to a maximal consistent Γ. We show ...
Quadripartitaratio - Revistas Científicas de la Universidad de
Quadripartitaratio - Revistas Científicas de la Universidad de

INTERMEDIATE LOGIC – Glossary of key terms
INTERMEDIATE LOGIC – Glossary of key terms

A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO MODAL LOGIC Introduction Consider
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO MODAL LOGIC Introduction Consider

... Note the interconnections implied by this table. For example, any formula that is K-valid ought to be valid in all these systems, since its truth relies on no particular frame structure. Similarly, what is true in B will be true in S5, since the former is identical to the latter with the exception o ...
Linear Contextual Modal Type Theory
Linear Contextual Modal Type Theory

... The central idea in linear logic [Gir87] is that of a resource. Linear assumptions play the role of a fixed set of available resources that must be consumed (exactly once) in a derivation. Therefore, available resources form the philosophical foundation of linear contextual modal logic. The idea of ...
Employing a Java Expert System Shell for Intelligent - CEUR
Employing a Java Expert System Shell for Intelligent - CEUR

... Aside from the basic employment of JESS as a means of improved knowledge representation we also represented some aspects of the feedback mechanism in fuzzy logic. The FuzzyJESS toolkit API of JESS allows developers to easily create fuzzy variables, fuzzy sets, fuzzy values and fuzzy rules. Options a ...
Conjunctive normal form - Computer Science and Engineering
Conjunctive normal form - Computer Science and Engineering

A Note on the Relation between Inflationary Fixpoints and Least
A Note on the Relation between Inflationary Fixpoints and Least

... formulas. It turns out that combining first-order logic with the ability to nest and complement fixpoint operators is powerful enough so that every formula of inflationary fixpoint logic is equivalent to a formula using least fixpoints of formulas positive in their fixpoint variable. This was first ...
Strong Logics of First and Second Order
Strong Logics of First and Second Order

On the Incompatibility of Negative Introspection and Knowledge as
On the Incompatibility of Negative Introspection and Knowledge as

Fine`s Theorem on First-Order Complete Modal Logics
Fine`s Theorem on First-Order Complete Modal Logics

slides
slides

... If there are infinitely many possible values for X the meaning of this expression cannot be represented using a propositional formula. In AG, the meaning of aggregate expressions is captured using an infinitary propositional formula. The definition is based on the semantics for propositional aggrega ...
BASIC COUNTING - Mathematical sciences
BASIC COUNTING - Mathematical sciences

Paper - Department of Computer Science and Information Systems
Paper - Department of Computer Science and Information Systems

... set of equations axiomatising the variety of Boolean algebras with operators and additional equations corresponding the axioms of L. A closely related algorithmic problem for L is the admissibility problem for inference rules: given an inference rule ϕ1 , . . . , ϕn /ϕ, decide whether it is admissib ...
Chapter 2 Propositional Logic
Chapter 2 Propositional Logic

... The world logic refers to the use and study of valid reasoning. Logic contains rules and techniques to formalize statements, to make them precise. Logic is studied by philosophers, mathematicians and computer scientists. Logic appears in different areas of computer science, such as programming, circ ...
Proof theory for modal logic
Proof theory for modal logic

... possibility to obtain direct completeness proofs without artificial Henkin-set constructions, and their use in the solution of problems that usually involve complex model-theoretic constructions such as negative results in correspondence theory and modal embeddings among different logics. All these ...
Soft TDCT: A Fuzzy Approach towards Triangle Density based
Soft TDCT: A Fuzzy Approach towards Triangle Density based

... Patterns and useful trends in large datasets has attracted considerable interest recently, and one of the most widely studied problems in this area is the identification and formation of clusters, or densely populated regions in a dataset. Prior work does not adequately address the problem of large ...
Belief Revision in non
Belief Revision in non

Extending Logic Programs with Description Logic Expressions for
Extending Logic Programs with Description Logic Expressions for

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Fuzzy logic



Fuzzy logic is a form of many-valued logic in which the truth values of variables may be any real number between 0 and 1. By contrast, in Boolean logic, the truth values of variables may only be 0 or 1. Fuzzy logic has been extended to handle the concept of partial truth, where the truth value may range between completely true and completely false. Furthermore, when linguistic variables are used, these degrees may be managed by specific functions.The term fuzzy logic was introduced with the 1965 proposal of fuzzy set theory by Lotfi A. Zadeh. Fuzzy logic has been applied to many fields, from control theory to artificial intelligence. Fuzzy logic had however been studied since the 1920s, as infinite-valued logic—notably by Łukasiewicz and Tarski.
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