Nutrition in Captivity
... greatest cause of vitamin D deficiency may be a lack of UV-B light exposure, rather than dietary vitamin D levels (see discussion below). We are not aware of any controlled studies indicating that dog or cat foods are harmful to reptiles per se. Anecdotally, two Chinese box turtles (Cuora flavomargi ...
... greatest cause of vitamin D deficiency may be a lack of UV-B light exposure, rather than dietary vitamin D levels (see discussion below). We are not aware of any controlled studies indicating that dog or cat foods are harmful to reptiles per se. Anecdotally, two Chinese box turtles (Cuora flavomargi ...
Global vitamin D status and determinants of
... of 1α-hydroxylase enzyme to yield the biologically active, dihydroxylated form of vitamin D, calcitriol or 1,25 (OH)2D, which acts through specific vitamin D receptors to regulate not only calcium metabolism, but also differentiation and division of various cell types. It has been suggested that in ...
... of 1α-hydroxylase enzyme to yield the biologically active, dihydroxylated form of vitamin D, calcitriol or 1,25 (OH)2D, which acts through specific vitamin D receptors to regulate not only calcium metabolism, but also differentiation and division of various cell types. It has been suggested that in ...
counterskills - Alliance Healthcare
... Saturated fats are found in cheese, whole milk, butter, meat fat and in processed foods such as chocolate, crisps and some ready meals. They provide the richest source of energy. A diet rich in this type of fat is likely to lead to weight gain and high cholesterol levels in the blood. Cholesterol is ...
... Saturated fats are found in cheese, whole milk, butter, meat fat and in processed foods such as chocolate, crisps and some ready meals. They provide the richest source of energy. A diet rich in this type of fat is likely to lead to weight gain and high cholesterol levels in the blood. Cholesterol is ...
the PDF - Fresh Vegetable Growers of Ontario
... Canada’s Food Guide serving - four flowerets, 125mL (1/2 cup) - Health Canada 2007 ★ = source, ★★ = good source, ★★★ = excellent source For fibre ★ = source, ★★ = high source, ★★★ = very high source ...
... Canada’s Food Guide serving - four flowerets, 125mL (1/2 cup) - Health Canada 2007 ★ = source, ★★ = good source, ★★★ = excellent source For fibre ★ = source, ★★ = high source, ★★★ = very high source ...
9. Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, pantothenic
... invariably occurs in combination with a deficiency of other B-complex vitamins, some of the symptoms (e.g. glossitis and dermatitis) may result from other complicating deficiencies. The major cause of hyporiboflavinosis is inadequate dietary intake as a result of limited food supply, which is someti ...
... invariably occurs in combination with a deficiency of other B-complex vitamins, some of the symptoms (e.g. glossitis and dermatitis) may result from other complicating deficiencies. The major cause of hyporiboflavinosis is inadequate dietary intake as a result of limited food supply, which is someti ...
BETA-CAROTENE RETENTION IN OVEN AND SUN DRIED
... source of vitamin A. However, too much beta-carotene can be dangerous for people who smoke. (Getting high amounts of either vitamin A or beta-carotene ...
... source of vitamin A. However, too much beta-carotene can be dangerous for people who smoke. (Getting high amounts of either vitamin A or beta-carotene ...
biochemistry of vitamins
... evidence that premature infants and patients maintained on long-term total parenteral nutrition may be unable to meet their requirements for carnitine, choline, and taurine unless they are provided in the diet, and these are sometimes regarded as “marginal compounds,” for which there is no evidence ...
... evidence that premature infants and patients maintained on long-term total parenteral nutrition may be unable to meet their requirements for carnitine, choline, and taurine unless they are provided in the diet, and these are sometimes regarded as “marginal compounds,” for which there is no evidence ...
Printer Friendly PDF
... especially important in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and the formation of red blood cells. Only bacteria have the enzymes needed for the synthesis of various forms of Vitamin B12. No fungi, plants, or animals can make vitamin B12. However, animal tissues significantly stor ...
... especially important in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and the formation of red blood cells. Only bacteria have the enzymes needed for the synthesis of various forms of Vitamin B12. No fungi, plants, or animals can make vitamin B12. However, animal tissues significantly stor ...
full text pdf
... Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are regulators of serum calcium levels in the body. Vitamin D deficiency causes the softening of bones leading to rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults (1). More recently, Vitamin D deficiency has also been associated with non-musculoskeletal disorders ...
... Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are regulators of serum calcium levels in the body. Vitamin D deficiency causes the softening of bones leading to rickets in children or osteomalacia in adults (1). More recently, Vitamin D deficiency has also been associated with non-musculoskeletal disorders ...
Dietary Intake of Natural Antioxidants: Vitamins and Polyphenols
... Vitamin C or L-ascorbic acid (Figure 2) is an essential nutrient for humans and certain other animal species, in which it functions as a vitamin (Benzie, 1999). Ascorbate (an ion of ascorbic acid) is required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants. In living organisms ...
... Vitamin C or L-ascorbic acid (Figure 2) is an essential nutrient for humans and certain other animal species, in which it functions as a vitamin (Benzie, 1999). Ascorbate (an ion of ascorbic acid) is required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants. In living organisms ...
Vitamin B12: Identification and Treatment of Deficiencies
... absorb vitamin B12.2,3,13 Therefore, elderly individuals with a vitamin B12 deficiency might not be able to adequately absorb oral vitamin B12 replacements. This should be considered when discussing treatment options. Vegetarians. Vegetarians and vegans are at high risk for developing a vitamin B12 ...
... absorb vitamin B12.2,3,13 Therefore, elderly individuals with a vitamin B12 deficiency might not be able to adequately absorb oral vitamin B12 replacements. This should be considered when discussing treatment options. Vegetarians. Vegetarians and vegans are at high risk for developing a vitamin B12 ...
Women Relation to Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
... cereal, use of vitamin supplements, brand and type of multiple vitamin, usual number taken per week, and years of past supplement use. Refinements to the original instrument led to approximately twice the number of foods on revised questionnaires in 1984, 1986, and 1990. On all dietary questionnaire ...
... cereal, use of vitamin supplements, brand and type of multiple vitamin, usual number taken per week, and years of past supplement use. Refinements to the original instrument led to approximately twice the number of foods on revised questionnaires in 1984, 1986, and 1990. On all dietary questionnaire ...
Evaluation of vitamin supplies in Germany. Data on vitamin intake.
... only a small amount of total vitamin D supply and is therefore not suitable to determine the supply level. The total supply from oral intake and endogenous synthesis by UVB irradiation of the skin is reflected by the serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25 (OH) D]. For a valid calculation of ...
... only a small amount of total vitamin D supply and is therefore not suitable to determine the supply level. The total supply from oral intake and endogenous synthesis by UVB irradiation of the skin is reflected by the serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25 (OH) D]. For a valid calculation of ...
Vitamin and Mineral Status: Effects on Physical Performance
... as the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. Thus, riboflavin is required for oxidative energy production. Because riboflavin is found in a variety of foods, including dairy products, meat, vegetables, and cereals, riboflavin deficiency is uncommon in Western countries. Ho ...
... as the coenzymes flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide. Thus, riboflavin is required for oxidative energy production. Because riboflavin is found in a variety of foods, including dairy products, meat, vegetables, and cereals, riboflavin deficiency is uncommon in Western countries. Ho ...
Dietary Phenolic Compounds and Vitamin E Bioavailability
... The human diet contains a vast number of dietary phenolic compounds of which vitamin E represents only one class. Vitamin E is a generic name for all substances exerting the biological functions of a-tocopherol. The two quantitatively most important E vitamers are a- and g-tocopherol (a-T and g-T). ...
... The human diet contains a vast number of dietary phenolic compounds of which vitamin E represents only one class. Vitamin E is a generic name for all substances exerting the biological functions of a-tocopherol. The two quantitatively most important E vitamers are a- and g-tocopherol (a-T and g-T). ...
THE ANTIOXIDANT VITAMIN
... Adrianne Bendich in "Antioxidant Micronutrients and Immune Responses".24 The versatile vitamin C also works along with glutathione peroxidase (a major free radicalfighting enzyme) to revitalize vitamin E, a fat-soluble antioxidant. In addition to its work as a direct scavenger of free radicals in fl ...
... Adrianne Bendich in "Antioxidant Micronutrients and Immune Responses".24 The versatile vitamin C also works along with glutathione peroxidase (a major free radicalfighting enzyme) to revitalize vitamin E, a fat-soluble antioxidant. In addition to its work as a direct scavenger of free radicals in fl ...
Vitamin D in adult health and disease: a review
... diet or supplements, as essential for the prevention of osteoporosis. Recent large clinical trials and meta-analyses have expanded our knowledge of the role of vitamin D in fractures, falls and other health outcomes, as well as its effect on disorders such as diabetes mellitus, autoimmune and infect ...
... diet or supplements, as essential for the prevention of osteoporosis. Recent large clinical trials and meta-analyses have expanded our knowledge of the role of vitamin D in fractures, falls and other health outcomes, as well as its effect on disorders such as diabetes mellitus, autoimmune and infect ...
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitamins
... Vitamins are defined as organic substance required in small amount for the maintenance and growth of living organisms. Their deficiency may lead to certain specific diseases or symptoms which can be cured by the administration of that specific vitamin only. In the early 20th century the discovery of ...
... Vitamins are defined as organic substance required in small amount for the maintenance and growth of living organisms. Their deficiency may lead to certain specific diseases or symptoms which can be cured by the administration of that specific vitamin only. In the early 20th century the discovery of ...
Potential Nutritional Benefits of Current Citrus Consumption
... indicates breast milk levels to be inadequate (25 µg/L whereas the AI is 50 µg/L) (taken from [30]). Regular consumption of citrus can also improve breast milk concentrations. In a study by Daneel-Otterbech et al. [31], three servings or orange juice (~100 mg vitamin C/serving) for six weeks doubled ...
... indicates breast milk levels to be inadequate (25 µg/L whereas the AI is 50 µg/L) (taken from [30]). Regular consumption of citrus can also improve breast milk concentrations. In a study by Daneel-Otterbech et al. [31], three servings or orange juice (~100 mg vitamin C/serving) for six weeks doubled ...
Vitamin D
... – Vitamin D production is affected by season, duration of exposure, sunscreen use, and skin pigmentation Endogenous production ...
... – Vitamin D production is affected by season, duration of exposure, sunscreen use, and skin pigmentation Endogenous production ...
Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet Nov 2009 http://dietary
... from sunlight strike the skin and trigger vitamin D synthesis [1,2]. Vitamin D obtained from sun exposure, food, and supplements is biologically inert and must undergo two hydroxylations in the body for activation. The first occurs in the liver and converts vitamin D to 25hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], ...
... from sunlight strike the skin and trigger vitamin D synthesis [1,2]. Vitamin D obtained from sun exposure, food, and supplements is biologically inert and must undergo two hydroxylations in the body for activation. The first occurs in the liver and converts vitamin D to 25hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], ...
Using Plant Foods Rich in β-Carotene to Combat
... tissues and organs (mainly in liver, egg yolk, milk, etc.). Through the intake of these foods originating from animals, humans can easily absorb their vitamin A content (preformed vitamin A). In addition, they still obtain sufficient vitamin A needs of about 0.5– 0.7 mg per day.2 About 2–3 eggs or 5 ...
... tissues and organs (mainly in liver, egg yolk, milk, etc.). Through the intake of these foods originating from animals, humans can easily absorb their vitamin A content (preformed vitamin A). In addition, they still obtain sufficient vitamin A needs of about 0.5– 0.7 mg per day.2 About 2–3 eggs or 5 ...
A randomized, controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of an online
... [1]. Sufficient serum vitamin D concentrations also may be protective against a range of disease states, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and multiple sclerosis, and may enhance the immune system [2]. UVB is generally insufficient for subcutaneous production of vitamin D3 during th ...
... [1]. Sufficient serum vitamin D concentrations also may be protective against a range of disease states, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and multiple sclerosis, and may enhance the immune system [2]. UVB is generally insufficient for subcutaneous production of vitamin D3 during th ...
to preview Chapter 9 - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... denied the request of the dietary supplement industry to make a health claim that vitamin E supplements reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Vitamin E has been shown to improve vitamin A absorption if the dietary intake of vitamin A is low. Vitamin E also functions in the metabolism ...
... denied the request of the dietary supplement industry to make a health claim that vitamin E supplements reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Vitamin E has been shown to improve vitamin A absorption if the dietary intake of vitamin A is low. Vitamin E also functions in the metabolism ...
Scurvy
Scurvy is a disease resulting from a deficiency of vitamin C. Scurvy often presents initially with fatigue, followed by formation of spots on the skin, spongy gums, and bleeding from the mucous membranes. Spots are most abundant on the thighs and legs, and a person may look pale, feel depressed, and be partially immobilized. As scurvy advances, there can be open, suppurating wounds, loss of teeth, yellow skin, fever, neuropathy and finally death from bleeding.While today scurvy is known to be caused by a nutritional deficiency, until the isolation of vitamin C and direct evidence of its link to scurvy in 1932, numerous theories and treatments were proposed, often on little or no experimental data. This inconsistency is attributed to the lack of vitamin C as a distinct concept, and an inability to reliably link different foods (notably present in fresh citrus, watercress, and organ meat) to scurvy. An additional concept required to understand scurvy was the degradation of vitamin C by exposure to air and copper and other transition metal salts such as those of iron, thus changing the links of foods to scurvy over time. Vitamin C is required for the synthesis of collagen in humans. The chemical name for vitamin C, ascorbic acid, is derived from the Latin name of scurvy, scorbutus, which also provides the adjective scorbutic (""of, characterized by or having to do with scurvy"").Treatment by fresh food, particularly citrus fruit, was periodically implemented, as it had been since antiquity. However until the 1930s, treatment was inconsistent, with many ineffective treatments used into the 20th century. It was a Scottish surgeon in the Royal Navy, James Lind, who first proved it could be treated with citrus fruit in experiments he described in his 1753 book A Treatise of the Scurvy, though following a failed trial with extracted lime juice, it would be 40 years before effective prevention based on fresh produce became widespread.Scurvy was at one time common among sailors, pirates and others aboard ships at sea longer than perishable fruits and vegetables could be stored (subsisting instead only on cured and salted meats and dried grains) and by soldiers similarly deprived of these foods for extended periods. It was described by Hippocrates (c. 460 BC–c. 380 BC), and herbal cures for scurvy have been known in many native cultures since prehistory. Scurvy was one of the limiting factors of marine travel, often killing large numbers of the passengers and crew on long-distance voyages. This became a significant issue in Europe from the beginning of the modern era in the Age of Discovery in the 15th century, continuing to play a significant role through World War I in the early 20th century. In infants, scurvy is sometimes referred to as Barlow's disease, named after Sir Thomas Barlow, a British physician who described it in 1883. However, Barlow's disease may also refer to mitral valve prolapse. Other eponyms for scurvy include Moeller's disease and Cheadle's disease.Scurvy does not occur in most animals as they can synthesize their own vitamin C. However, humans and other higher primates (the simians—monkeys and apes—and tarsiers), guinea pigs, most or all bats, and some species of birds and fish lack an enzyme (L-gulonolactone oxidase) necessary for such synthesis and must obtain vitamin C through their diet. Vitamin C is widespread in plant tissues, with particularly high concentrations occurring in cruciferous vegetables, capsicum fruit including chili and all colours of bell peppers, citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruits), and almost all fruits including botanical fruits that are culinary vegetables, like tomatoes. The fruit with the highest concentration of vitamin C is the Kakadu Plum with nearly 3000 mg per 100g. Cooking significantly reduces the concentration of vitamin C.