Physiography of the Seafloor
... Concept of Isostasy: III • Continental mountains can be viewed as blocks of wood of different (lower) densities that float higher and sink deeper than oceanic crust • Oceanic crust is of higher density but thinner so it floats/sinks to lesser extent than continental crust ...
... Concept of Isostasy: III • Continental mountains can be viewed as blocks of wood of different (lower) densities that float higher and sink deeper than oceanic crust • Oceanic crust is of higher density but thinner so it floats/sinks to lesser extent than continental crust ...
Ocean resources and oceanography-Unit C Chapter 3
... • What is the most important gas in the water for ocean organisms? • OXYGEN! ...
... • What is the most important gas in the water for ocean organisms? • OXYGEN! ...
Review sheet – Chapter 1 (Introduction)
... Know that the ocean covers 71% of the Earth’s surface and accounts for ~97% of the water found on Earth (only 3% of water on Earth is freshwater) Know that the average depth of the ocean is ~3,800 meters (12,500 feet) Know that the average temperature of the water is 3.9 ̊C (39 ̊F) Know that the dee ...
... Know that the ocean covers 71% of the Earth’s surface and accounts for ~97% of the water found on Earth (only 3% of water on Earth is freshwater) Know that the average depth of the ocean is ~3,800 meters (12,500 feet) Know that the average temperature of the water is 3.9 ̊C (39 ̊F) Know that the dee ...
Ocean Water Chemistry
... Stable Isotopes • O18 is stable • O18 1/8 heavier than O16 • During evaporation O18 is left behind and O16 evaporated • O16 enriched water is locked up on land as glacial ice during an ice age. • During an ice age, ocean waters are enriched with O18 in animals shells/skeletons – silica (SiO2) or li ...
... Stable Isotopes • O18 is stable • O18 1/8 heavier than O16 • During evaporation O18 is left behind and O16 evaporated • O16 enriched water is locked up on land as glacial ice during an ice age. • During an ice age, ocean waters are enriched with O18 in animals shells/skeletons – silica (SiO2) or li ...
Hoegh-Guldberg and Bruno, 2010
... processes (28). In this regard, organisms tend to critical ocean processes to decline as temper(26). adapt to local environmental temperatures, with ature increases (33). Warming has also been found Effects on Ecosystem Function optimal physiological responses matching tem- to decrease the size of i ...
... processes (28). In this regard, organisms tend to critical ocean processes to decline as temper(26). adapt to local environmental temperatures, with ature increases (33). Warming has also been found Effects on Ecosystem Function optimal physiological responses matching tem- to decrease the size of i ...
Phytoplankton - Madison County Schools
... store it inside. They also release oxygen back into the atmosphere. • Phytoplankton are also a first link in the food chain (a primary producer). When they are consumed, some carbon makes its way back to near-surface waters. When they die, the carbon can be buried in the depths of the ocean (think f ...
... store it inside. They also release oxygen back into the atmosphere. • Phytoplankton are also a first link in the food chain (a primary producer). When they are consumed, some carbon makes its way back to near-surface waters. When they die, the carbon can be buried in the depths of the ocean (think f ...
faf-all
... FAFMIP will do the converse, by applying the same surface flux changes to various AOGCMs. The influences of CO2-forced changes in momentum, heat and freshwater fluxes will be distinguished, which has not been done before in most AOGCMs. FAFMIP is an ocean analogue of the CFMIP patterned-SSTchange ex ...
... FAFMIP will do the converse, by applying the same surface flux changes to various AOGCMs. The influences of CO2-forced changes in momentum, heat and freshwater fluxes will be distinguished, which has not been done before in most AOGCMs. FAFMIP is an ocean analogue of the CFMIP patterned-SSTchange ex ...
Oceanic Topography
... • More than 10,000 scatter the ocean basin • By definition rise more than 1 km (0.6 miles) above the ocean floor. • Can extend above sea level (called an ...
... • More than 10,000 scatter the ocean basin • By definition rise more than 1 km (0.6 miles) above the ocean floor. • Can extend above sea level (called an ...
Sea Level Change and Climate - University of Hawaii at Hilo
... O (0.24%) has 8 protons and 8 neutrons, 16O (99.76%) has 8 protons and 10 neutrons Subtle differences in how these atoms behave in the world. 16O is lighter and therefore more easily evaporated. δ18O is a measure of the relative abundance of these two isotopes. Positive values have more 18O and nega ...
... O (0.24%) has 8 protons and 8 neutrons, 16O (99.76%) has 8 protons and 10 neutrons Subtle differences in how these atoms behave in the world. 16O is lighter and therefore more easily evaporated. δ18O is a measure of the relative abundance of these two isotopes. Positive values have more 18O and nega ...
ocean heat content
... Spatial and temporal observations of ocean salinity were deemed not sufficient, e.g., the Southern Ocean. Issues include instrumental biases, a lack of deep-water salinity data (particularly at high latitudes), insufficient global analyses and incomplete coverage of surface ocean salinities. Rean ...
... Spatial and temporal observations of ocean salinity were deemed not sufficient, e.g., the Southern Ocean. Issues include instrumental biases, a lack of deep-water salinity data (particularly at high latitudes), insufficient global analyses and incomplete coverage of surface ocean salinities. Rean ...
Sea Floor Spreading
... geologist who studied mid-ocean ridges. • He suggested that the ocean floors move like conveyor belts, carrying the continents along with them. ...
... geologist who studied mid-ocean ridges. • He suggested that the ocean floors move like conveyor belts, carrying the continents along with them. ...
THE BIG EVENT Oceans Fact Sheet
... more than 30% of the Earth's surface. The name 'Pacific' come from the Latin word 'pacificus' which means peaceful. Thus, Pacific Ocean means 'peaceful ocean'. However, the Pacific is not really calm and peaceful. The 'ring of fire' is located in the Pacific Ocean. There is a string of volcanoes in ...
... more than 30% of the Earth's surface. The name 'Pacific' come from the Latin word 'pacificus' which means peaceful. Thus, Pacific Ocean means 'peaceful ocean'. However, the Pacific is not really calm and peaceful. The 'ring of fire' is located in the Pacific Ocean. There is a string of volcanoes in ...
Ocean Acidification and the End-Permian Mass Extinction: To What
... CO2 through the latest Permian and earliest Triassic, which may be interpreted as being associated with ocean acidification. Certainly, modern oceans are observed to becoming more acid [5] and the cause of increased acidity is considered by most researchers to be rapid increase in CO2 output to the ...
... CO2 through the latest Permian and earliest Triassic, which may be interpreted as being associated with ocean acidification. Certainly, modern oceans are observed to becoming more acid [5] and the cause of increased acidity is considered by most researchers to be rapid increase in CO2 output to the ...
Earth Science Final Exam Study Guide Name Class Date ______
... 63. Abyssal plains are very flat features that form when a. volcanoes spread lava on the ocean bottom. b. turbidity currents deposit sediments on the ocean floor. c. ocean waters flood plains on land. d. plates diverge on the ocean floor, causing seafloor spreading. 64. The three types of ocean floo ...
... 63. Abyssal plains are very flat features that form when a. volcanoes spread lava on the ocean bottom. b. turbidity currents deposit sediments on the ocean floor. c. ocean waters flood plains on land. d. plates diverge on the ocean floor, causing seafloor spreading. 64. The three types of ocean floo ...
Global Ocean Legacy - The Pew Charitable Trusts
... •• Populations of some species of top predator fish have declined by more than 90 percent from historic levels.4 •• Acidification, caused by absorption of carbon dioxide, is changing the chemistry of the ocean, placing sea life at risk. Its waters absorb about a quarter of CO2 emissions created from ...
... •• Populations of some species of top predator fish have declined by more than 90 percent from historic levels.4 •• Acidification, caused by absorption of carbon dioxide, is changing the chemistry of the ocean, placing sea life at risk. Its waters absorb about a quarter of CO2 emissions created from ...
10th International Carbon Dioxide Conference 2017
... Global Carbon Project/CSIRO, Australia; 2University of East Anglia and Tyndall Centre, UK; 3LSCE, Paris; 4CICERO, Norway; 5Stanord University, USA; 6CSIRO, Australia; 7Lund University, Sweden Long-term redistribution of carbon among fossil fuel reserves, the atmosphere, oceans and land largely deter ...
... Global Carbon Project/CSIRO, Australia; 2University of East Anglia and Tyndall Centre, UK; 3LSCE, Paris; 4CICERO, Norway; 5Stanord University, USA; 6CSIRO, Australia; 7Lund University, Sweden Long-term redistribution of carbon among fossil fuel reserves, the atmosphere, oceans and land largely deter ...
plate-tectonics-pre-test-study-guide
... a. past each other b. towards each other c. away from each other ...
... a. past each other b. towards each other c. away from each other ...
Ocean Features Abyssal currents Abyssal plains
... other undersea geomorphologic features such as the continental shelves, the deep ocean trenches, and the undersea mountain ranges (for example, the mid-Atlantic ridge) which are not considered to be part of the ocean basins; while hydrologically, oceanic basins include the flanking continental shelv ...
... other undersea geomorphologic features such as the continental shelves, the deep ocean trenches, and the undersea mountain ranges (for example, the mid-Atlantic ridge) which are not considered to be part of the ocean basins; while hydrologically, oceanic basins include the flanking continental shelv ...
Algae and Climate Change
... The net effect is a decrease in biomass; also true for agricultural crops Harris, Nixon and Duarte, 2006. Estuaries and Coasts 29: 343–347 ...
... The net effect is a decrease in biomass; also true for agricultural crops Harris, Nixon and Duarte, 2006. Estuaries and Coasts 29: 343–347 ...
Sea Floor Spreading NOTES 2016 Key
... 1. Magnetic ___Reversals_____: Throughout Earth’s history, the north and south magnetic poles have changed places many times. When the poles change places, the ___polarity__ of Earth’s magnetic poles changes ...
... 1. Magnetic ___Reversals_____: Throughout Earth’s history, the north and south magnetic poles have changed places many times. When the poles change places, the ___polarity__ of Earth’s magnetic poles changes ...
When the sea surface reflects the bottom
... The space era has revealed that the Earth’s shape is much more complex than simply a sphere. It appears to bulge at the equator and be flattened at the poles. The material of which it is made is not the same everywhere, resulting in differences in density and therefore differences in gravity from on ...
... The space era has revealed that the Earth’s shape is much more complex than simply a sphere. It appears to bulge at the equator and be flattened at the poles. The material of which it is made is not the same everywhere, resulting in differences in density and therefore differences in gravity from on ...
Changes in the Oceans
... Chapter Overview • Humans are adding greenhouse gases to Earth’s atmosphere. • Climate change will cause many severe problems in the ocean environment. • It is necessary to reduce and mitigate the effects of these changes. ...
... Chapter Overview • Humans are adding greenhouse gases to Earth’s atmosphere. • Climate change will cause many severe problems in the ocean environment. • It is necessary to reduce and mitigate the effects of these changes. ...
What is the Biosphere?
... Burning fossil fuels = more CO2 and CH4 in atmosphere More CO2 and CH4 in atmosphere = global warming ...
... Burning fossil fuels = more CO2 and CH4 in atmosphere More CO2 and CH4 in atmosphere = global warming ...
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the uptake of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere. An estimated 30–40% of the carbon dioxide from human activity released into the atmosphere dissolves into oceans, rivers and lakes. To achieve chemical equilibrium, some of it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid. Some of these extra carbonic acid molecules react with a water molecule to give a bicarbonate ion and a hydronium ion, thus increasing ocean acidity (H+ ion concentration). Between 1751 and 1994 surface ocean pH is estimated to have decreased from approximately 8.25 to 8.14, representing an increase of almost 30% in H+ ion concentration in the world's oceans. Since current and projected ocean pH levels are above 7.0, the oceans are technically alkaline now and will remain so; referring to this effect as ""decreasing ocean alkalinity"" would be equally correct if less politically useful. Earth System Models project that within the last decade ocean acidity exceeded historical analogs and in combination with other ocean biogeochemical changes could undermine the functioning of marine ecosystems and disrupt the provision of many goods and services associated with the ocean.Increasing acidity is thought to have a range of possibly harmful consequences, such as depressing metabolic rates and immune responses in some organisms, and causing coral bleaching. This also causes decreasing oxygen levels as it kills off algae.Other chemical reactions are triggered which result in a net decrease in the amount of carbonate ions available. This makes it more difficult for marine calcifying organisms, such as coral and some plankton, to form biogenic calcium carbonate, and such structures become vulnerable to dissolution. Ongoing acidification of the oceans threatens food chains connected with the oceans. As members of the InterAcademy Panel, 105 science academies have issued a statement on ocean acidification recommending that by 2050, global CO2 emissions be reduced by at least 50% compared to the 1990 level.Ocean acidification has been called the ""evil twin of global warming"" and ""the other CO2 problem"".Ocean acidification has occurred previously in Earth's history. The most notable example is the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), which occurred approximately 56 million years ago. For reasons that are currently uncertain, massive amounts of carbon entered the ocean and atmosphere, and led to the dissolution of carbonate sediments in all ocean basins.