• Study Resource
  • Explore
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
chemistry-resource
chemistry-resource

study material(2014-15) class xii-chemistry
study material(2014-15) class xii-chemistry

... Reviewed Support Materials of the previous year. In order to ensure that the participants come well-prepared for the Workshop, the topics/chapters were distributed among them well in advance. During the Workshop the materials prepared by each participant were thoroughly reviewed by their co-particip ...
"Antioxidants". In: Encyclopedia of Polymer
"Antioxidants". In: Encyclopedia of Polymer

... melt compounding of the polymer by a Cope elimination reaction, as shown below. ...
Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry
Chemical Reactions and Stoichiometry

... We can balance many chemical equations simply by trial and error. However, some guidelines are useful. For example, balancing the atoms in the most complex substances first and the atoms in the simplest substances (such as pure elements) last often makes the process shorter. The following examples i ...
Geochemical weathering at the bed of Haut Glacier d`Arolla
Geochemical weathering at the bed of Haut Glacier d`Arolla

... Souchez and Lemmens, 1987; Sharp, 1991; Tranter et al., 1993; Brown et al., 1994a). A fundamental problem with the interpretation of glacier hydrochemical time-series is that runoff issuing from the glacier terminus integrates the chemical composition of different water components, and information o ...
PDF (5)
PDF (5)

Chapter 23 Metals and Metallurgy
Chapter 23 Metals and Metallurgy

Nitrogen and Oxygen Family
Nitrogen and Oxygen Family

The Migration Chemistry of Neptunium
The Migration Chemistry of Neptunium

... since they have been derived using poorly determined solubility equilibrium constants. The redox interrelationship between the five oxidation states of neptunium in aqueous solution, III, IV, V, VI and VII, represented by the ionic aquo-ions of Np'\ Np 4 \ NpO,\ NpO,1' and NpOjVNpO,1* is presented b ...
the migration chemistry of neptunium
the migration chemistry of neptunium

Photo-oxidation of pinonaldehyde at low NOx
Photo-oxidation of pinonaldehyde at low NOx

... conditions for pinonaldehyde over an atmospherically relevant range of organic aerosol concentrations (COA ) and compare results to those of n-tridecanal and α-pinene for similar conditions. By using both photolytic and dark OH radical sources we shall also explore the effect of photolysis on SOA fo ...
Chapter 24 Chemistry of Coordination Compounds
Chapter 24 Chemistry of Coordination Compounds

Osmium(VIII) Catalyzed Oxidation of 6-Aminopenicillanic Acid
Osmium(VIII) Catalyzed Oxidation of 6-Aminopenicillanic Acid

... mechanism of catalysis depends on the nature of the substrate, oxidant and on experimental conditions, it has been shown [13] that metal ions act as catalysts by one of these different paths such as the formation of complexes with reactants or oxidation of the substrate itself or through the formati ...
P-block Cyclopentadienyl Compounds
P-block Cyclopentadienyl Compounds

... Chem 59-651 Main Group Metallocenes A strict definition of “metallocene” insists that such compounds must contain a metal that is sandwiched between two cyclopentadienyl (C5H5, Cp) groups, however I will use the term to describe any compounds containing a “metal” that is bonded to the p-cloud of a c ...
Main Group Metallocenes - Macdonald Research Group
Main Group Metallocenes - Macdonald Research Group

Inorganic Chemistry, Second Edition
Inorganic Chemistry, Second Edition

... Inorganic chemistry is concerned with the chemical elements (of which there are about 100) and the extremely varied compounds they form. The essentially descriptive subject matter is unified by some general concepts of structure, bonding and reactivity, and most especially by the periodic table and ...
Intermetal Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, and Nitrogen Atom Transfer
Intermetal Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium, and Nitrogen Atom Transfer

... derivatized nitrogen compound which is still N-bonded to the metal complex. Although atom transfer processes are a very common class of reactions, they are not always explicitly recognized or described as such. A large number of these reactions involve atom transfers to and from carbon-based or non- ...
Answers to Odd Numbered Questions
Answers to Odd Numbered Questions

Coordination Complexes Involving Electroactive
Coordination Complexes Involving Electroactive

Answers - logo Pre-U Chemistry Textbook
Answers - logo Pre-U Chemistry Textbook

STUDY MATERIAL 2016-17 CHEMISTRY CLASS XII
STUDY MATERIAL 2016-17 CHEMISTRY CLASS XII

The Nomenclature of Polyoxometalates: How To Connect a Name
The Nomenclature of Polyoxometalates: How To Connect a Name

... the state of the art at the time it is launched. It needs agreement and then long discussions between chemists. Quite often, the imagination and the skillfulness of chemists run much faster than nomenclature proposals. Surprises are still occurring in chemistry. To name unexpected compounds, chemist ...
4 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry
4 Types of Chemical Reactions and Solution Stoichiometry

reactions of some transition metal ions cobalt
reactions of some transition metal ions cobalt

mclintock.ch6 [Compatibility Mode]
mclintock.ch6 [Compatibility Mode]

... ► Acid–base neutralization reactions are processes in which H+ ions from an acid react with OH- ions from a base to yield water. An ionic compound called a salt is also produced. The “salt” produced need not be common table salt. Any ionic compound produced in an acid–base reaction is called a salt. ...
< 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ... 59 >

Oxidation state

The oxidation state, often called the oxidation number, is an indicator of the degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound. Conceptually, the oxidation state, which may be positive, negative or zero, is the hypothetical charge that an atom would have if all bonds to atoms of different elements were 100% ionic, with no covalent component. This is never exactly true for real bonds.The term ""oxidation"" was first used by Lavoisier to mean reaction of a substance with oxygen. Much later, it was realized that the substance on being oxidized loses electrons, and the use of the term ""oxidation"" was extended to include other reactions in which electrons are lost.Oxidation states are typically represented by small integers. In some cases, the average oxidation state of an element is a fraction, such as 8/3 for iron in magnetite (Fe3O4). The highest known oxidation state is reported to be +9 in the cation IrO+4, while the lowest known oxidation state is −5 for boron, gallium, indium, and thallium. The possibility of +9 and +10 oxidation states in platinum group elements, especially iridium(IX) and platinum(X), has been discussed by Kiselev and Tretiyakov.The increase in oxidation state of an atom through a chemical reaction is known as an oxidation; a decrease in oxidation state is known as a reduction. Such reactions involve the formal transfer of electrons, a net gain in electrons being a reduction and a net loss of electrons being an oxidation. For pure elements, the oxidation state is zero.There are various methods for determining oxidation states/numbers.In inorganic nomenclature the oxidation state is determined and expressed as an oxidation number represented by a Roman numeral placed after the element name.In coordination chemistry, oxidation number is defined differently from oxidation state.
  • studyres.com © 2025
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report