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- Open Research Online
- Open Research Online

... takes place through a succession of sudden, seesawing shifts. As Alley puts it: `for most of the last 100,000 years a crazily jumping climate has been the rule, not the exception’ ...
Framing Climate: Implications for Local Government Policy
Framing Climate: Implications for Local Government Policy

... Climate Change: Framing the Policy Issue Climate change is a relatively new area of policy development characterised by considerable uncertainties. These uncertainties were once dominated by questions over whether anthropogenic or natural factors are the root cause of climate change. However, the fo ...
(Mahangu) crop
(Mahangu) crop

... km2 (UNAM, 2008). About 70% of Namibians are directly dependent on natural resources to sustain their daily lives: wood serves as building material, fuel and light, cattle is not only a source of meat, but also milk, drought power and dung for fertilization, the veld and forests of Namibia do not on ...
Tennessee and Climate Change
Tennessee and Climate Change

... (TVA) Climate change, coupled with human adaptation to rising temperatures, will influence the demand for and supply of water. These changes may affect hydropower generation, thermoelectric cooling, reservoir‐based recreation, navigation, municipal and industrial uses, and environmental flows.5 Elec ...
on the occasion of the Sport, Environment and Climate Change
on the occasion of the Sport, Environment and Climate Change

... infrastructure are necessary for the practice of sport and physical activity. The construction of these facilities has inevitably had an impact on the environment and ecosystem of the country and the world. It is true that the practice of sport and recreational activities including physical activity ...
Scientific uncertainty and climate change: Part I. Uncertainty
Scientific uncertainty and climate change: Part I. Uncertainty

... to avoid that harm (e.g., Gardiner 2006). Unlike CBA, the precautionary principle is asymmetrical because it focuses on the bottom-right cell in Fig. 1, thereby effectively reversing the “burden of proof”: Unless an activity (or product) can be shown to have no harmful consequences, it should cease. ...
Developed countries
Developed countries

... • Promote technology transfer to EITs and non-Annex I Parties ...
Climate change: facts with impacts on the Mediterranean Prof
Climate change: facts with impacts on the Mediterranean Prof

... research projects and initiatives were presented. The Sustainable Innovation Forum 2014 was the largest commercially-focused event during COP20, attracting high profile speakers, celebrities and over 500 pre-approved delegates representing private sector, government, NGO, UN agencies and civil socie ...
Introduction - San Jose State University
Introduction - San Jose State University

... – provide less heating of upper atmosphere (negative) Increases in lower atmosphere ozone – produce warming (positive)  Term 4: Increases in water vapor (due to extra CH4) – produce warming (positive)  Term 5: Changes in Albedo – Increases in black carbon: produce warming (positive) – Increase in ...
Climatic Drivers of Change and the Future of African Ocean Assets
Climatic Drivers of Change and the Future of African Ocean Assets

... supply of food, a useful transport route, and a convenient dumping ground. As a result, the world’s oceans are degrading under human pressure due to population growth, industrialisation, coastal development, intensive agriculture, over exploitation, and resource extraction. In addition, increasing a ...
Energy and climate change in the Mediterranean Region
Energy and climate change in the Mediterranean Region

... be acknowledged that energy is the economic sector in which interdependence between EuroMediterranean countries is the most strategically important and where there is the most potential for cooperation between countries in the region. Energy transition and managing the impact of climate change are c ...
07_CC_Causes_I_Sahlmann - Potsdam Institute for Climate
07_CC_Causes_I_Sahlmann - Potsdam Institute for Climate

... atmospheric carbon dioxide is fixed in the process of weathering of silicates and transported to inner parts of the earth carbon dioxide is released through: drifting of the continents (formation of mountains) ...
PDF
PDF

... ecological capacities are clearly being overstressed – such as declining fisheries, degraded agricultural systems, or ecosystems loss – have been recognized as important problems, but are not usually seen as serious threats to the continuation of global economic growth. Global climate change, by con ...
How Is Puget Sound`s Climate Changing?
How Is Puget Sound`s Climate Changing?

... Oregon,  and  California  (1900-­‐2012)  can  be  explained  by  changes  in  atmospheric   circulation  (specifically,  variations  in  surface  pressure  and  winds),  which  may  or   may  not  result  from  human-­‐induced  warming.7  Other ...
Request for CEO Endorsement - Global Environment Facility
Request for CEO Endorsement - Global Environment Facility

... as follows: In the INC the emissions were estimated up to 1994 (1990-1994), in the SNC up to 1998 (1990-1998) and estimations for land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF) emissions were reported for year 1996. In addition, the national emission factor from the livestock sub-category was obtai ...
T P ’ C
T P ’ C

... pollution gets worse. And increasing floods, heat waves, and droughts have put farmers out of business, which is already raising food prices dramatically. These changes come with far-reaching consequences and real economic costs. Last year alone, there were 11 different weather and climate disaster ...
Climate Stabilization at 2°C and Net Zero Carbon Emissions
Climate Stabilization at 2°C and Net Zero Carbon Emissions

... Abstract: The goal to stabilize global average surface temperature at lower than 2°C above pre-industrial level has been extensively discussed in climate negotiations. A number of publications state that achieving this goal will require net anthropogenic carbon emissions (defined as anthropogenic em ...
T P ’ C
T P ’ C

... pollution gets worse. And increasing floods, heat waves, and droughts have put farmers out of business, which is already raising food prices dramatically. These changes come with far-reaching consequences and real economic costs. Last year alone, there were 11 different weather and climate disaster ...
Folie 1 - hvonstorch.de
Folie 1 - hvonstorch.de

... cruising the lower stratosphere. For many years, the discussion about the impact of air traffic on the climate ceased. But in the early 1990s the topic re-entered the public debate, this time regarding high-flying conventional jet liners. The focus of concern is the effect of contrails and exhaust g ...
PDF
PDF

... However, the factor common to all adaptation measures is the uncertainty that is the hallmark of climate change. In particular, it is not clear at this stage how much change will occur, its precise nature, or the timing of any specific change. Climate models reflect this lack of knowledge because si ...
Regional Modelling of Vegetation Distributions
Regional Modelling of Vegetation Distributions

... environments and vegetation types 5. Careful verification and awareness of the model’s limitations 6. Creative use of the model incorporating ecological knowledge and a range of climate scenarios as appropriate. Each of these issues is briefly described below. A useful vegetation classification for ...
Contributions of past and present human generations to committed
Contributions of past and present human generations to committed

... half-million years (see Fig. 1). Today this carbon dioxide increase contributes ⬇1.5 W兾m2 to warming of Earth’s climate, which is ⬇60% of the estimated total forcing caused by all known radiative warming agents assessed by the Intergovernmental †To ...
SAf Science Conference
SAf Science Conference

... (1) greenhouse gases accumulating in the atmosphere are causing average temperatures to rise at a rate outside the range of natural variability and are posing a substantial risk of rising sea-levels, altered patterns of atmospheric and oceanic circulation, and increased frequency and severity of flo ...
Climate change impacts in Greece in the near future
Climate change impacts in Greece in the near future

... Hot days and tropical nights The changes in the number of days, with temperature above 35oC, were examined, which are also expected to have an impact in population discomfort in the tourist areas. It became clear that tourist sites with a more continental influence will experience the largest change ...
Whales in Hot Water? - Whale and Dolphin Conservation
Whales in Hot Water? - Whale and Dolphin Conservation

... temperature increase is not being observed uniformly across the planet. Some changes might occur that may at first seem counter intuitive. One example concerns recurring polynyas, which are particular locations within the ice pack that are almost always clear of ice. Polynyas are caused by persisten ...
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Economics of global warming

There are a number of policies that governments might consider in response to global warming. The assessment of such policies involves the economics of global warming.Global warming is a long-term problem. One of the most important greenhouse gases is carbon dioxide. Around 20% of carbon dioxide which is emitted due to human activities can remain in the atmosphere for many thousands of years. The long time scales and uncertainty associated with global warming have led analysts to develop ""scenarios"" of future environmental, social and economic changes. These scenarios can help governments understand the potential consequences of their decisions.The impacts of climate change include the loss of biodiversity, sea level rise, increased frequency and severity of some extreme weather events, and acidification of the oceans. Economists have attempted to quantify these impacts in monetary terms, but these assessments can be controversial.The two main policy responses to global warming are to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (climate change mitigation) and to adapt to the impacts of global warming (e.g., by building levees in response to sea level rise). Another policy response which has recently received greater attention is geoengineering of the climate system (e.g. injecting aerosols into the atmosphere to reflect sunlight away from the Earth's surface).One of the responses to the uncertainties of global warming is to adopt a strategy of sequential decision making. This strategy recognizes that decisions on global warming need to be made with incomplete information, and that decisions in the near term will have potentially long-term impacts. Governments might choose to use risk management as part of their policy response to global warming. For instance, a risk-based approach can be applied to climate impacts which are difficult to quantify in economic terms, e.g., the impacts of global warming on indigenous peoples.Analysts have assessed global warming in relation to sustainable development. Sustainable development considers how future generations might be affected by the actions of the current generation. In some areas, policies designed to address global warming may contribute positively towards other development objectives. In other areas, the cost of global warming policies may divert resources away from other socially and environmentally beneficial investments (the opportunity costs of climate change policy).
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