Some useful Statistical Thermodynamics 1 Introduction
... free energy of the system can be shifted due to the surface energy of the phase boundary, intermolecular forces and other effects which extend the equilibrium domain of the liquid phase into the solid region of the bulk phase diagram. In general, for any system in which the surface energy plays a si ...
... free energy of the system can be shifted due to the surface energy of the phase boundary, intermolecular forces and other effects which extend the equilibrium domain of the liquid phase into the solid region of the bulk phase diagram. In general, for any system in which the surface energy plays a si ...
Radiation transfer
... contributing to the (in this case CaII K doublet). Note than that the material centre comes of the from solar adisk. core hasviewed a highertowards opacity,the therefore higher (i.e. cooler) region. ...
... contributing to the (in this case CaII K doublet). Note than that the material centre comes of the from solar adisk. core hasviewed a highertowards opacity,the therefore higher (i.e. cooler) region. ...
Atmosphere I
... Saturation Adiabatic lapse rate (Γs) – lapse rate when condensation is occurring. Energy released by the condensation of water vapor is added to the parcel. This results in a smaller lapse rate. Latent heat of vaporization – heat required to go from liquid to vapor L = (596 – 0.56T) cal g-1 or L = ( ...
... Saturation Adiabatic lapse rate (Γs) – lapse rate when condensation is occurring. Energy released by the condensation of water vapor is added to the parcel. This results in a smaller lapse rate. Latent heat of vaporization – heat required to go from liquid to vapor L = (596 – 0.56T) cal g-1 or L = ( ...
WEEK 3
... penetrate the human body and can damage both the cells and the tissues of internal organs. The ionizing ability of this form of radiation is less than that of alpha or beta particles. Both alpha decay and beta decay lead to the conversion of an atom of one element into an atom of another. This type ...
... penetrate the human body and can damage both the cells and the tissues of internal organs. The ionizing ability of this form of radiation is less than that of alpha or beta particles. Both alpha decay and beta decay lead to the conversion of an atom of one element into an atom of another. This type ...
The 1st law of thermodynamics explains human
... rate rather than eliminate its own fat to replace lost food intake. You will become more easily chilled and feel less energetic as a result of the lower metabolic rate, and you will not lose weight as fast as before. Exercise helps with weight loss because it produces both heat transfer from your bo ...
... rate rather than eliminate its own fat to replace lost food intake. You will become more easily chilled and feel less energetic as a result of the lower metabolic rate, and you will not lose weight as fast as before. Exercise helps with weight loss because it produces both heat transfer from your bo ...
Thermodynamics - Centre for Theoretical Chemistry and Physics
... they are warmed up. But some substances do the opposite by shrinking in certain directions as they are heated and expanding when cooled. Now researchers in the UK have found an inorganic crystalline material composed of silver, cobalt, carbon and nitrogen that expands more than any other known mater ...
... they are warmed up. But some substances do the opposite by shrinking in certain directions as they are heated and expanding when cooled. Now researchers in the UK have found an inorganic crystalline material composed of silver, cobalt, carbon and nitrogen that expands more than any other known mater ...
Thermodynamics Temperature Scales Thermal Expansion and Stress
... From the Greek thermos meaning heat and dynamis meaning power is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analyzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics. ...
... From the Greek thermos meaning heat and dynamis meaning power is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on physical systems at the macroscopic scale by analyzing the collective motion of their particles using statistics. ...
Static of fluids
... Transformation at constant temperature (ISOTERME): T = cost → p · V = cost Transformation without heat exchange (ADIABATIC): Q = cost ...
... Transformation at constant temperature (ISOTERME): T = cost → p · V = cost Transformation without heat exchange (ADIABATIC): Q = cost ...
Black body
A black body (also blackbody) is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. A white body is one with a ""rough surface [that] reflects all incident rays completely and uniformly in all directions.""A black body in thermal equilibrium (that is, at a constant temperature) emits electromagnetic radiation called black-body radiation. The radiation is emitted according to Planck's law, meaning that it has a spectrum that is determined by the temperature alone (see figure at right), not by the body's shape or composition.A black body in thermal equilibrium has two notable properties:It is an ideal emitter: at every frequency, it emits as much energy as – or more energy than – any other body at the same temperature.It is a diffuse emitter: the energy is radiated isotropically, independent of direction.An approximate realization of a black surface is a hole in the wall of a large enclosure (see below). Any light entering the hole is reflected indefinitely or absorbed inside and is unlikely to re-emerge, making the hole a nearly perfect absorber. The radiation confined in such an enclosure may or may not be in thermal equilibrium, depending upon the nature of the walls and the other contents of the enclosure.Real materials emit energy at a fraction—called the emissivity—of black-body energy levels. By definition, a black body in thermal equilibrium has an emissivity of ε = 1.0. A source with lower emissivity independent of frequency often is referred to as a gray body.Construction of black bodies with emissivity as close to one as possible remains a topic of current interest.In astronomy, the radiation from stars and planets is sometimes characterized in terms of an effective temperature, the temperature of a black body that would emit the same total flux of electromagnetic energy.