Working Paper No 4 Kyoto Protocol Dilemma: Better to have a weak
... Kyoto Protocol (Barrett 2003, Hagem & Holtsmark 2001, and Holtsmark 2003). A pessimistic expression is like this: “even if Kyoto enters into force, victory for the treaty can not be declared. Like all other countries, Russia has nothing to lose by ratifying, given its hot air” (Barrett 2003: 373). A ...
... Kyoto Protocol (Barrett 2003, Hagem & Holtsmark 2001, and Holtsmark 2003). A pessimistic expression is like this: “even if Kyoto enters into force, victory for the treaty can not be declared. Like all other countries, Russia has nothing to lose by ratifying, given its hot air” (Barrett 2003: 373). A ...
The climate of the United Kingdom and recent trends
... of causes, both natural and man-made. Under the heading of natural we include the internal (chaotic) variability of the earth’s climate system and also naturallyforced changes such as cooling due to aerosol from energetic volcanic eruptions and changes in the output of the sun. In UKCIP02 we showed ...
... of causes, both natural and man-made. Under the heading of natural we include the internal (chaotic) variability of the earth’s climate system and also naturallyforced changes such as cooling due to aerosol from energetic volcanic eruptions and changes in the output of the sun. In UKCIP02 we showed ...
Report to CLIVAR SSG-20 Panel or Working Group: ETCCDI 1
... JCOMM provides the mechanism for international coordination, regulation and management of oceanographic and marine meteorological observing, data management and services systems. JCOMM is interested in the use of indices and in developing an improved suite of indices to provide information for its s ...
... JCOMM provides the mechanism for international coordination, regulation and management of oceanographic and marine meteorological observing, data management and services systems. JCOMM is interested in the use of indices and in developing an improved suite of indices to provide information for its s ...
Impact of climate change on Least Developed Countries
... Asia: water scarcity; higher temperatures causing lower rice yields; potential decrease in marine biodiversity; stresses caused by rapid urbanisation compounded; extreme climate events increasingly affecting human health, security, livelihoods, and poverty. Small Islands: sea-level rise; degradation ...
... Asia: water scarcity; higher temperatures causing lower rice yields; potential decrease in marine biodiversity; stresses caused by rapid urbanisation compounded; extreme climate events increasingly affecting human health, security, livelihoods, and poverty. Small Islands: sea-level rise; degradation ...
CLIMATIC EXPOSURE OF FORESTS IN THE CARPATHIANS
... four regional climate models used indicated the same large-scale pattern, though different medium-scale patterns in differences between future and reference climate can be seen. This indicates higher climatic exposure of forests in the latter geomorphologic units. Match of areas where critical value ...
... four regional climate models used indicated the same large-scale pattern, though different medium-scale patterns in differences between future and reference climate can be seen. This indicates higher climatic exposure of forests in the latter geomorphologic units. Match of areas where critical value ...
Phenomenological solar signature in 400 years of reconstructed N. Scafetta
... Earth’s albedo [Pap and Fox, 2004]), since they are only partially known, might be poorly or not modeled at all. [4] To circumvent the lack of knowledge in climate physics, we adopt an alternative approach that attempts to evaluate the total direct plus indirect effect of solar changes on climate by ...
... Earth’s albedo [Pap and Fox, 2004]), since they are only partially known, might be poorly or not modeled at all. [4] To circumvent the lack of knowledge in climate physics, we adopt an alternative approach that attempts to evaluate the total direct plus indirect effect of solar changes on climate by ...
The AMS Education Program - Geological Society of America
... o building scientific skills through hands-on investigations of IODP ...
... o building scientific skills through hands-on investigations of IODP ...
Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund 2016 Request for
... Snyder will contribute 1 month of in kind support per year. ...
... Snyder will contribute 1 month of in kind support per year. ...
Page 1 of 2 IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 4/1
... This Working Group I contribution to the IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) provides a comprehensive assessment of the physical science of climate change and continues to broaden the view of that science, following on from previous Working Group I assessments. The results presented here are based ...
... This Working Group I contribution to the IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) provides a comprehensive assessment of the physical science of climate change and continues to broaden the view of that science, following on from previous Working Group I assessments. The results presented here are based ...
Referencing Guides: Harvard
... example, some versions of Harvard put the date of items in brackets, and some do not. This is a version of Harvard developed by Bangor University Library. We are very happy to work in consultation with Schools and tutors across the University to develop an agreed Bangor Harvard version, please conta ...
... example, some versions of Harvard put the date of items in brackets, and some do not. This is a version of Harvard developed by Bangor University Library. We are very happy to work in consultation with Schools and tutors across the University to develop an agreed Bangor Harvard version, please conta ...
. A NEW PERSPECTIVE ON CLIMATE ... VARIABILITY: A FOCUS ON INDIA
... VulnerabilityZ6, several conflicting feedbacks can be found for the Indian region. These include possible scenarios where the region may show a positive feedback due to atmospheric changes, while considerations of additional model complexities tend to reverse the conclusions. As an example, a summar ...
... VulnerabilityZ6, several conflicting feedbacks can be found for the Indian region. These include possible scenarios where the region may show a positive feedback due to atmospheric changes, while considerations of additional model complexities tend to reverse the conclusions. As an example, a summar ...
JET STREAMS + CLIMATE CHANGE
... -‐ Paleoclimate studies show that a we:er Southwest is associated with a cooler Northern Hemisphere and a southward shiF in the jet stream. We are currently experiencing a warmer Northern Hemisphere and a ...
... -‐ Paleoclimate studies show that a we:er Southwest is associated with a cooler Northern Hemisphere and a southward shiF in the jet stream. We are currently experiencing a warmer Northern Hemisphere and a ...
Go Green Go Global - Eco
... or form, is involved in buying and selling goods and services in order to satisfy their needs and wants. Fair Trade guarantees a better deal for developing world producers. Buying Fair Trade products you can ensure that the injustices to the producers are reduced. Fair Trade is also about sustainabl ...
... or form, is involved in buying and selling goods and services in order to satisfy their needs and wants. Fair Trade guarantees a better deal for developing world producers. Buying Fair Trade products you can ensure that the injustices to the producers are reduced. Fair Trade is also about sustainabl ...
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE AND
... fluxes is associated with urbanization. A city will frequently have significant flooding problems that are local in nature, but will be impacted upon by major flood events on large streams or lakes that are not within the urban zone (UN, 2004). ...
... fluxes is associated with urbanization. A city will frequently have significant flooding problems that are local in nature, but will be impacted upon by major flood events on large streams or lakes that are not within the urban zone (UN, 2004). ...
Climate change scenarios in Europe and their potential
... Parma 06-07 December 2007 – EFSA SCIENTIFIC COLLOQUIUM ...
... Parma 06-07 December 2007 – EFSA SCIENTIFIC COLLOQUIUM ...
The Climate of History: Four Theses
... began in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the same period in which social scientists and humanists began to discuss globalization.3 However, these discussions have so far run parallel to each other. While globalization, once recognized, was of immediate interest to humanists and social scientists, gl ...
... began in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the same period in which social scientists and humanists began to discuss globalization.3 However, these discussions have so far run parallel to each other. While globalization, once recognized, was of immediate interest to humanists and social scientists, gl ...
When can we expect extremely high surface temperatures?
... error in the Essence results is much lower than the model error. Figure 1 also shows that future temperature extremes are governed by the same processes as today’s extremes. If new processes were to come in, they would lead to a second population within the PDF of extremes. This would show up as dev ...
... error in the Essence results is much lower than the model error. Figure 1 also shows that future temperature extremes are governed by the same processes as today’s extremes. If new processes were to come in, they would lead to a second population within the PDF of extremes. This would show up as dev ...
MPSAC Climate Change White Paper
... Models are used to integrate existing knowledge of the processes and species that affect climate. Such models play a critical role in elucidating the complex interrelationships involved in past climate changes, the impacts of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions, and the likely impact of changes in ...
... Models are used to integrate existing knowledge of the processes and species that affect climate. Such models play a critical role in elucidating the complex interrelationships involved in past climate changes, the impacts of anthropogenic and biogenic emissions, and the likely impact of changes in ...
Effects of Climate Change on Vegetation in Desert Steppe Inner
... Keywords: Diversity; Aboveground Biomass; Dominant Species; Ecological Rehabilitation ...
... Keywords: Diversity; Aboveground Biomass; Dominant Species; Ecological Rehabilitation ...
Feedbacks on climate in the Earth system: introduction
... in the atmosphere and of ozone-destroying chemicals in the stratosphere. If the changes in forcing continue on their current trajectory, then very substantial changes in climate are predicted by the end of the century [1]. It is reasonably straightforward to calculate the equilibrium change in tempe ...
... in the atmosphere and of ozone-destroying chemicals in the stratosphere. If the changes in forcing continue on their current trajectory, then very substantial changes in climate are predicted by the end of the century [1]. It is reasonably straightforward to calculate the equilibrium change in tempe ...
Public understanding of science is critical for a society increasingly
... representations (as seen in the captions for Figure 2, which identify that this representation is only one possible model result), the persuasive ability of these methods often overrides any inherent variability or uncertainty in the data or underlying science. The power of visual representations to ...
... representations (as seen in the captions for Figure 2, which identify that this representation is only one possible model result), the persuasive ability of these methods often overrides any inherent variability or uncertainty in the data or underlying science. The power of visual representations to ...
The Climate of History: Four Theses
... began in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the same period in which social scientists and humanists began to discuss globalization.3 However, these discussions have so far run parallel to each other. While globalization, once recognized, was of immediate interest to humanists and social scientists, gl ...
... began in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the same period in which social scientists and humanists began to discuss globalization.3 However, these discussions have so far run parallel to each other. While globalization, once recognized, was of immediate interest to humanists and social scientists, gl ...
Effects of Global Warming on Precipitable Water Vapor Above Sub
... basin. The Bolivian winter can dominate weather patterns in January and February. These points have much larger opacities than the months which are dominated by drier winds from the west. Bolivian winter conditions are basically a lost cause for high frequency observing; we’d have to observe at 90 ...
... basin. The Bolivian winter can dominate weather patterns in January and February. These points have much larger opacities than the months which are dominated by drier winds from the west. Bolivian winter conditions are basically a lost cause for high frequency observing; we’d have to observe at 90 ...
Global warming controversy
The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring, how much has occurred in modern times, what has caused it, what its effects will be, whether any action should be taken to curb it, and if so what that action should be. In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused primarily by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view, though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions. Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are now more prevalent in the popular media than in the scientific literature, where such issues are treated as resolved, and more in the United States than globally.Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of climate change includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record, whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations, and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it. Scientists have resolved many of these questions decisively in favour of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing, that human activity is the primary cause, and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years. Disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity), and what the consequences of global warming will be.Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate, often split along party political lines, especially in the United States. Many of the largely settled scientific issues, such as the human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them – an ideological phenomenon categorised by academics and scientists as climate change denial. The sources of funding for those involved with climate science – both supporting and opposing mainstream scientific positions – have been questioned by both sides. There are debates about the best policy responses to the science, their cost-effectiveness and their urgency. Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported official and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications. Legal cases regarding global warming, its effects, and measures to reduce it have reached American courts. The fossil fuels lobby and free market think tanks have often been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming.