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Hierarchy of the heart rhythmogenesis levels is a
... 1934: ‘‘So frequent indeed is duplication that it can scarcely be accidental; it seems to be a definite feature in the architecture of function, the more impressive because it is achieved in such different ways – but I have often been surprised that the heart itself was not duplicated. It is always ...
... 1934: ‘‘So frequent indeed is duplication that it can scarcely be accidental; it seems to be a definite feature in the architecture of function, the more impressive because it is achieved in such different ways – but I have often been surprised that the heart itself was not duplicated. It is always ...
CO2
... – Is expressed as O2 bound to Hb devided by the maximal capacity of Hb to bind O2 – (O2 content / O2 capacity) x 100% ...
... – Is expressed as O2 bound to Hb devided by the maximal capacity of Hb to bind O2 – (O2 content / O2 capacity) x 100% ...
Regulation or respiration2
... 2- Electrical stimulation of a few of the neurons in the • ventral group causes inspiration, whereas stimulation of others causes expiration. Therefore, these neurons contribute to both inspiration • and expiration. They are especially important in providing the powerful • expiratory signals to the ...
... 2- Electrical stimulation of a few of the neurons in the • ventral group causes inspiration, whereas stimulation of others causes expiration. Therefore, these neurons contribute to both inspiration • and expiration. They are especially important in providing the powerful • expiratory signals to the ...
Module 2 - 729 KB
... Vitrectomy may be indicated for a dense, nonclearing hemorrhage that has been present longer than 3 months. Macular edema is a common cause of moderate visual loss in diabetic patients. Argon laser therapy is beneficial in stabilizing or improving visual acuity. Macular ischemia may result from capi ...
... Vitrectomy may be indicated for a dense, nonclearing hemorrhage that has been present longer than 3 months. Macular edema is a common cause of moderate visual loss in diabetic patients. Argon laser therapy is beneficial in stabilizing or improving visual acuity. Macular ischemia may result from capi ...
Respiratory Physiology
... The primary function of the lungs is to change venous blood into arterial blood by adding O2 and removing CO2 from the venous blood that enters the lungs from the right ventricle. Physicians determine how well the lungs are accomplishing this task by measuring the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in ...
... The primary function of the lungs is to change venous blood into arterial blood by adding O2 and removing CO2 from the venous blood that enters the lungs from the right ventricle. Physicians determine how well the lungs are accomplishing this task by measuring the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in ...
central mechanisms underlying short-term and long
... has been observed in conscious animals or humans subjected to an acute alerting stimulus such as airjet stress or a loud noise (Davisson et al., 1994; Edwards et al., 1999; Schadt & Hasser, 1998). This patterned response has the effect of increasing cardiac output and re-distributing it preferential ...
... has been observed in conscious animals or humans subjected to an acute alerting stimulus such as airjet stress or a loud noise (Davisson et al., 1994; Edwards et al., 1999; Schadt & Hasser, 1998). This patterned response has the effect of increasing cardiac output and re-distributing it preferential ...
15. ANS (Stick Figure) Anat Lecture
... The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is complex. It involves two motor (efferent) neurons; one neuron from the CNS to a ganglion (called the preganglionic neuron) and the second neuron from the ganglion to the effector tissue (called the postganglionic neuron). It has 2 divisions: Parasympathetic and ...
... The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is complex. It involves two motor (efferent) neurons; one neuron from the CNS to a ganglion (called the preganglionic neuron) and the second neuron from the ganglion to the effector tissue (called the postganglionic neuron). It has 2 divisions: Parasympathetic and ...
PowerPoint Presentation - macomb
... • Receptors located in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles • When stretched (deep inspiration) a reflex response is triggered to reduce the tidal volume. • Only activated at large tidal volumes (greater than 800 – 1000 mL) • Not important control mechanism in quiet breathing ...
... • Receptors located in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles • When stretched (deep inspiration) a reflex response is triggered to reduce the tidal volume. • Only activated at large tidal volumes (greater than 800 – 1000 mL) • Not important control mechanism in quiet breathing ...
Control of ventilation Medulla Oblongata
... • Receptors located in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles • When stretched (deep inspiration) a reflex response is triggered to reduce the tidal volume. • Only activated at large tidal volumes (greater than 800 – 1000 mL) ...
... • Receptors located in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles • When stretched (deep inspiration) a reflex response is triggered to reduce the tidal volume. • Only activated at large tidal volumes (greater than 800 – 1000 mL) ...
Transcatheter Treatment of Congenital Heart Defects Using
... fail to close are unknown, but they likely relate to multifactorial inheritance. The defect is usually oblique and slit-shaped, resembling a tunnel. It is known that PFO carriers are at increased risk for several serious clinical syndromes, including paradoxic systemic embolism such as cryptogenic s ...
... fail to close are unknown, but they likely relate to multifactorial inheritance. The defect is usually oblique and slit-shaped, resembling a tunnel. It is known that PFO carriers are at increased risk for several serious clinical syndromes, including paradoxic systemic embolism such as cryptogenic s ...
Carotid Sinus
... occlusion of the contralateral ICA or in cases of incomplete circle of Willis. • Intra-arterial administration of 100 to 400 micrograms of nitroglycerin through the guiding sheath generally leads to a rapid resolution of the spasm. • When all else fails or BP won’t allow vasodilators…TIME. Spasm wil ...
... occlusion of the contralateral ICA or in cases of incomplete circle of Willis. • Intra-arterial administration of 100 to 400 micrograms of nitroglycerin through the guiding sheath generally leads to a rapid resolution of the spasm. • When all else fails or BP won’t allow vasodilators…TIME. Spasm wil ...
Neural control of the circulation - Advances in Physiology Education
... the slope of diastolic depolarization in the SA node and increases conduction in the AV node, causing heart rate to increase. In myocytes, it increases membrane Ca2⫹ currents and Ca2⫹ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) during each action potential, resulting in increased force production. ...
... the slope of diastolic depolarization in the SA node and increases conduction in the AV node, causing heart rate to increase. In myocytes, it increases membrane Ca2⫹ currents and Ca2⫹ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) during each action potential, resulting in increased force production. ...
Approach to Coma
... severe hypertension beyond the patient's static level, unexplained bradycardia, and subhyaloid retinal hemorrhages are immediate clues to the presence of increased iICP Papilledema develops within 12-24 h in cases of brain trauma and hemorrhage, but if it is pronounced, it usually signifies brain ...
... severe hypertension beyond the patient's static level, unexplained bradycardia, and subhyaloid retinal hemorrhages are immediate clues to the presence of increased iICP Papilledema develops within 12-24 h in cases of brain trauma and hemorrhage, but if it is pronounced, it usually signifies brain ...
CASE STUDY - Atlas Orthogonal Chiropractic
... Chiropractic care to the upper cervical spine has been shown to cause a reduction in hypertension without the use of medication. Incidentally, the patients were able to wean themselves off their hypertension medications entirely and their blood pressure was able to remain normal.7 One method to expl ...
... Chiropractic care to the upper cervical spine has been shown to cause a reduction in hypertension without the use of medication. Incidentally, the patients were able to wean themselves off their hypertension medications entirely and their blood pressure was able to remain normal.7 One method to expl ...
Regulation of Respiration
... ventilation is far greater under some conditions including the following: *pulmonary disease: no adequate gas exchange, too little O2 is absorbed into the arterial bl. &at same time the arterial PCO2& H+ conc. remain near normal or are ↑↑because of poor transport of CO2 through the membrane. *acclim ...
... ventilation is far greater under some conditions including the following: *pulmonary disease: no adequate gas exchange, too little O2 is absorbed into the arterial bl. &at same time the arterial PCO2& H+ conc. remain near normal or are ↑↑because of poor transport of CO2 through the membrane. *acclim ...
Vagal Maneuvers
... When using vagal maneuvers, keep the following points in mind: • Ensure oxygen, suction, a defibrillator, and crash cart are available before attempting the procedure. • Obtain a 12-lead ECG before and after the vagal maneuver. • Continuous monitoring of the patient’s ECG is essential. Note the onse ...
... When using vagal maneuvers, keep the following points in mind: • Ensure oxygen, suction, a defibrillator, and crash cart are available before attempting the procedure. • Obtain a 12-lead ECG before and after the vagal maneuver. • Continuous monitoring of the patient’s ECG is essential. Note the onse ...
Respiratory Physiology - e-safe
... (and hence the FRC value) is determined by a balance between the inward elastic forces of the lung and the outward forces of the respiratory cage (mostly due to muscle tone). FRC falls with lying supine, obesity, pregnancy and anaesthesia, though not with age. The FRC is of particularly importance t ...
... (and hence the FRC value) is determined by a balance between the inward elastic forces of the lung and the outward forces of the respiratory cage (mostly due to muscle tone). FRC falls with lying supine, obesity, pregnancy and anaesthesia, though not with age. The FRC is of particularly importance t ...
Chp33 CVS Regulatory Mechanisms
... ! loss of afferent input from either art baroreceptors or cardiac mechanorecptors no sig effect on bp BUT loss of BOTH ⇒ sustained ↑bp • vasovagal syncope: o ↓VR and dehydration ⇒ ↓baroreceptors ⇒ ↑symp HR & SV ⇒ vigorous vent contractions against empty ventricle ⇒ ↑activation vent baroreceptor ⇒ fu ...
... ! loss of afferent input from either art baroreceptors or cardiac mechanorecptors no sig effect on bp BUT loss of BOTH ⇒ sustained ↑bp • vasovagal syncope: o ↓VR and dehydration ⇒ ↓baroreceptors ⇒ ↑symp HR & SV ⇒ vigorous vent contractions against empty ventricle ⇒ ↑activation vent baroreceptor ⇒ fu ...
Introduction to Neurophysiology
... Common metabolic and biochemical derangements or abnormal neurotransmitter receptor interactions, which reach a lethal threshold when the insults are combined, explain this increased vulnerability. Under declining cerebral blood flow (due to failure of pressure autoregulation or severe hypotension), ...
... Common metabolic and biochemical derangements or abnormal neurotransmitter receptor interactions, which reach a lethal threshold when the insults are combined, explain this increased vulnerability. Under declining cerebral blood flow (due to failure of pressure autoregulation or severe hypotension), ...
Chapter 16
... is decreased by increasing the size of the thoracic cavity; due to surface tension between the two layers of pleura, the lungs follow with the chest wall and expand. 4. Muscles involved in expanding the thoracic cavity include the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles. Respiratory muscles c ...
... is decreased by increasing the size of the thoracic cavity; due to surface tension between the two layers of pleura, the lungs follow with the chest wall and expand. 4. Muscles involved in expanding the thoracic cavity include the diaphragm and the external intercostal muscles. Respiratory muscles c ...
CURRICULUM OF PHYSIOLOGY
... and mean arterial pressure. Mechanism by which extracellular fluid volume elevates arterial blood pressure. – Pressure diuresis and natriuresis, mechanism. – Reninangiotensin-aldosterone system, components and activation. The principal effects of angiotensin II, mechanisms of water and salt retentio ...
... and mean arterial pressure. Mechanism by which extracellular fluid volume elevates arterial blood pressure. – Pressure diuresis and natriuresis, mechanism. – Reninangiotensin-aldosterone system, components and activation. The principal effects of angiotensin II, mechanisms of water and salt retentio ...
The autonomic nervous system (ANS)
... Although they have different roles, they have effects on many of the same organs of the body ...
... Although they have different roles, they have effects on many of the same organs of the body ...
Heart-brain communication Veen, Frederik Martin van der
... Blood pressure regulation by the baroreflex can be influenced by many cortical and subcortical structures. These structures can be subdivided in areas which have direct specific influences and are related to specific behavior, and areas that have a more general effect and are not related to specific ...
... Blood pressure regulation by the baroreflex can be influenced by many cortical and subcortical structures. These structures can be subdivided in areas which have direct specific influences and are related to specific behavior, and areas that have a more general effect and are not related to specific ...
Practice Quiz - Kingsborough Community College
... 22. The binding of NE to alpha adrenergic receptors in peripheral blood vessels causes _______ and to beta adrenergic receptors in the heart's coronary blood vessels causes _______. a. vasodilation; vasoconstriction b. vasoconstriction; vasodilation c. no effect; vasoconstriction d. no effect; vaso ...
... 22. The binding of NE to alpha adrenergic receptors in peripheral blood vessels causes _______ and to beta adrenergic receptors in the heart's coronary blood vessels causes _______. a. vasodilation; vasoconstriction b. vasoconstriction; vasodilation c. no effect; vasoconstriction d. no effect; vaso ...
Syncope (medicine)
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Pietro_Longhi_027.jpg?width=300)
Syncope, also known as fainting, passing out and swooning, is defined as a short loss of consciousness and muscle strength, characterized by a fast onset, short duration, and spontaneous recovery. It is due to a decrease in blood flow to the entire brain usually from low blood pressure. Some causes have prodromal symptoms before the loss of consciousness occurs. These symptoms may include light headedness, sweating, pale skin, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, and feeling warm, among others. Syncope may also be associated with a short episode of muscle twitching. If a person does not completely lose consciousness and muscle strength it is referred to as presyncope. It is recommended that presyncope be treated the same as syncope.Causes range from non-serious to potentially fatal. There are three broad categories of causes: heart or blood vessel related, reflex also known as neurally mediated, and orthostatic hypotension. Issues with the heart and blood vessels are the cause in about 10% and typically the most serious while neurally mediated is the most common. Heart related causes may include an abnormal heart rhythm, problems with the heart valves or heart muscle and blockages of blood vessels from a pulmonary embolism or aortic dissection among others. Neurally mediated syncope occurs when blood vessels expand and heart rate decreases inappropriately. This may occur from either a triggering event such as exposure to blood, pain or strong feelings or a specific activity such as urination, vomiting, or coughing. This type of syncope may also occur when an area in the neck known as the carotid sinus is pressed. The final type of syncope is due to a drop in blood pressure from standing up. This is often due to medications that a person is taking but may also be related to dehydration, significant bleeding or infection.A medical history, physical examination, and electrocardiogram (ECG) are the most effective ways to figure out the underlying cause. The ECG is useful to detect an abnormal heart rhythm, poor blood flow to the heart muscle, and other electrical issue such as long QT syndrome and Brugada's. Heart related causes also often have little history of a prodrome. Low blood pressure and a fast heart rate after the event may indicate blood loss or dehydration, while low blood oxygen levels may be seen following the event in those with pulmonary embolism. More specific tests such as implantable loop recorders, tilt table testing or carotid sinus massage may be useful in uncertain cases. Computer tomography (CT) is generally not required unless specific concerns are present. Other causes of similar symptoms that should be considered including seizure, stroke, concussion, low blood oxygen, low blood sugar, drug intoxication and some psychiatric disorders among others. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Those who are considered at high risk following investigation may be admitted to hospital for further monitoring of the heart.Syncope affects about three to six out of every thousand people each year. It is more common in older people and females. It is the reason for one to three percent of visits to emergency departments and admissions to hospital. Up to half of women over the age of 80 and a third of medical students describe at least one event at some point in their life. Of all those with syncope about 4% die in the next 30 days. The risk of a bad outcome, however, depends very much on the underlying cause.