2.10 Basic Nuclear Chemistry
... 2. To reduce this instability, neutrons are needed to increase the distance between protons and decrease the repulsive forces between protons. a. This makes the Nuclear Force greater than the repulsive force. C. Beyond Bismuth (Bi) with Atomic Number of 83, the repulsive forces are so great that the ...
... 2. To reduce this instability, neutrons are needed to increase the distance between protons and decrease the repulsive forces between protons. a. This makes the Nuclear Force greater than the repulsive force. C. Beyond Bismuth (Bi) with Atomic Number of 83, the repulsive forces are so great that the ...
The Atom
... When atoms emit alpha, beta or gamma radiation, it is undergoing a radioactive decay. Decay occurs due to instability within the nucleus. As the ratio of protons to neutrons becomes more skewed, the nucleus becomes more unstable. All isotopes with an atomic number greater than 83 are unstabl ...
... When atoms emit alpha, beta or gamma radiation, it is undergoing a radioactive decay. Decay occurs due to instability within the nucleus. As the ratio of protons to neutrons becomes more skewed, the nucleus becomes more unstable. All isotopes with an atomic number greater than 83 are unstabl ...
Content Domain III: Chemistry—Atomic Theory and
... Sometimes the nucleus of an atom breaks down in a process called radioactivity. Recall that elements have isotopes, atoms with different numbers of neutrons. Some isotopes are unstable, which means that the nucleus emits a particle or radiation with a large amount of energy to help it become more st ...
... Sometimes the nucleus of an atom breaks down in a process called radioactivity. Recall that elements have isotopes, atoms with different numbers of neutrons. Some isotopes are unstable, which means that the nucleus emits a particle or radiation with a large amount of energy to help it become more st ...
Topic 6 Radioactivity Core Questions
... alpha particles were fired at some gold foil. Alpha particles are repelled by positive charge. It was detected that most of the alpha particles (7999/8000) went straight through the foil but a small number (1/8000) of the alpha particles were deflected through anything from 1 ͦ to 180 ͦ (straight ba ...
... alpha particles were fired at some gold foil. Alpha particles are repelled by positive charge. It was detected that most of the alpha particles (7999/8000) went straight through the foil but a small number (1/8000) of the alpha particles were deflected through anything from 1 ͦ to 180 ͦ (straight ba ...
Beta decay
In nuclear physics, beta decay (β-decay) is a type of radioactive decay in which a proton is transformed into a neutron, or vice versa, inside an atomic nucleus. This process allows the atom to move closer to the optimal ratio of protons and neutrons. As a result of this transformation, the nucleus emits a detectable beta particle, which is an electron or positron.Beta decay is mediated by the weak force. There are two types of beta decay, known as beta minus and beta plus. In beta minus (β−) decay a neutron is lost and a proton appears and the process produces an electron and electron antineutrino, while in beta plus (β+) decay a proton is lost and a neutron appears and the process produces a positron and electron neutrino; β+ decay is thus also known as positron emission.An example of electron emission (β− decay) is the decay of carbon-14 into nitrogen-14:146C → 147N + e− + νeIn this form of decay, the original element becomes a new chemical element in a process known as nuclear transmutation. This new element has an unchanged mass number A, but an atomic number Z that is increased by one. As in all nuclear decays, the decaying element (in this case 146C) is known as the parent nuclide while the resulting element (in this case 147N) is known as the daughter nuclide. The emitted electron or positron is known as a beta particle.An example of positron emission (β+ decay) is the decay of magnesium-23 into sodium-23:2312Mg → 2311Na + e+ + νeIn contrast to β− decay, β+ decay is accompanied by the emission of an electron neutrino and a positron. β+ decay also results in nuclear transmutation, with the resulting element having an atomic number that is decreased by one.Electron capture is sometimes included as a type of beta decay, because the basic nuclear process, mediated by the weak force, is the same. In electron capture, an inner atomic electron is captured by a proton in the nucleus, transforming it into a neutron, and an electron neutrino is released. An example of electron capture is the decay of krypton-81 into bromine-81:8136Kr + e− → 8135Br + νeElectron capture is a competing (simultaneous) decay process for all nuclei that can undergo β+ decay. The converse, however, is not true: electron capture is the only type of decay that is allowed in proton-rich nuclides that do not have sufficient energy to emit a positron and neutrino.