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... the Industrial Revolution. As can be seen in Fig. 2.3, CO2 has the greatest increase in the RF values compared to other GHG (all of which have positive RF). The forcing effect of aerosols is rather complex and involves a number of direct (e.g., reflection and absorption of solar and long wavelength ...
... the Industrial Revolution. As can be seen in Fig. 2.3, CO2 has the greatest increase in the RF values compared to other GHG (all of which have positive RF). The forcing effect of aerosols is rather complex and involves a number of direct (e.g., reflection and absorption of solar and long wavelength ...
‘information barrier’: Comparing perspectives on Unpacking the
... the solution of a problem” (Dilling and Lemos, 2011, p.681). The US Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) and other major scientific programs have prioritized production of adaptation science, but whether that information will be usable for decision makers remains to be seen (USGCRP, 2009). Numerou ...
... the solution of a problem” (Dilling and Lemos, 2011, p.681). The US Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) and other major scientific programs have prioritized production of adaptation science, but whether that information will be usable for decision makers remains to be seen (USGCRP, 2009). Numerou ...
Estimating Future Costs for Alaska Public Infrastructure - ISER
... sewer systems. Those types of infrastructure are most vulnerable to thawing permafrost, flooding, and coastal erosion—and they’re expensive to replace. We’re publishing these estimates, even though they’re preliminary, because they show the magnitude of extra costs agencies could face and the potent ...
... sewer systems. Those types of infrastructure are most vulnerable to thawing permafrost, flooding, and coastal erosion—and they’re expensive to replace. We’re publishing these estimates, even though they’re preliminary, because they show the magnitude of extra costs agencies could face and the potent ...
Climate Protection as a World Citizen Movement
... latest. In this report the WBGU outlines a dual strategy for global climate protection based on interaction between multilateralism and civil society. To achieve this, on the one hand the Paris climate agreement targeted for late 2015 should exhibit certain characteristics set out by the WBGU. In pa ...
... latest. In this report the WBGU outlines a dual strategy for global climate protection based on interaction between multilateralism and civil society. To achieve this, on the one hand the Paris climate agreement targeted for late 2015 should exhibit certain characteristics set out by the WBGU. In pa ...
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... share a common commitment to the expected utility framework. The reasons for the primacy of expected utility theory as a normative model of rational choice are well known to economists. Its axiomatic foundations have been developed by several authors (von Neumann & Morgenstern, 1944; Savage, 1954; A ...
... share a common commitment to the expected utility framework. The reasons for the primacy of expected utility theory as a normative model of rational choice are well known to economists. Its axiomatic foundations have been developed by several authors (von Neumann & Morgenstern, 1944; Savage, 1954; A ...
Climate Change and Himalayan Cold Deserts
... natural resources and economic conditions leading to accelerated resource degradation and associated environmental consequences, that adversely impact indigenous communities and their livelihoods. Blizzards, snowstorms and avalanches are common. The soil is not very productive and the climatic condi ...
... natural resources and economic conditions leading to accelerated resource degradation and associated environmental consequences, that adversely impact indigenous communities and their livelihoods. Blizzards, snowstorms and avalanches are common. The soil is not very productive and the climatic condi ...
Climate change: impacts and adaptation for agriculture in Western
... working to reduce the vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate variability and change and to increase the sector’s adaptive capacity. In 2010, DAFWA developed a ‘Climate change response strategy’ to provide strategic direction for climate change activities and to identify and prioritise a ...
... working to reduce the vulnerability of the agricultural sector to climate variability and change and to increase the sector’s adaptive capacity. In 2010, DAFWA developed a ‘Climate change response strategy’ to provide strategic direction for climate change activities and to identify and prioritise a ...
Multi-gas abatement analysis of the Marrakesh Accords Paul. L
... objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [...] to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, overall global annual mean surface temperature increase should not exceed 2°C above pre-industrial levels in order to limit high risks, including irre ...
... objective of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change [...] to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, overall global annual mean surface temperature increase should not exceed 2°C above pre-industrial levels in order to limit high risks, including irre ...
Precipitation (Word) - Narragansett Bay Estuary Program
... decade locally (Figures 6 and 8) and that seasonality of precipitation will continue to change, leading to greater effects on the overall health of Narragansett Bay (Bradley et al. 2016). Rhode Island and Massachusetts have received at least 40 inches of rain annually since 1980, and the annual amou ...
... decade locally (Figures 6 and 8) and that seasonality of precipitation will continue to change, leading to greater effects on the overall health of Narragansett Bay (Bradley et al. 2016). Rhode Island and Massachusetts have received at least 40 inches of rain annually since 1980, and the annual amou ...
The Global “Disappearing Act”: How Island States Can Maintain
... 34. Id. at 15. The IPCC recognizes that a “[w]arming of the climate system is unequivocal,” as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level. Id. at 4. 35. Id. at 11. 36. Anthropogen ...
... 34. Id. at 15. The IPCC recognizes that a “[w]arming of the climate system is unequivocal,” as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level. Id. at 4. 35. Id. at 11. 36. Anthropogen ...
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
... Acknowledging that change in the Earth’s climate and its adverse effects are a common concern of humankind, Concerned that human activities have been substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, that these increases enhance the natural greenhouse effect, and that this ...
... Acknowledging that change in the Earth’s climate and its adverse effects are a common concern of humankind, Concerned that human activities have been substantially increasing the atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, that these increases enhance the natural greenhouse effect, and that this ...
Impacts of climate change on air pollution levels in the Northern
... contributes to a significant change in the typical life time of many species, since OH are participating in a large number of chemical reactions. It is e.g. found that more SO42− will be present in the future over the already polluted areas and this increase can be explained by an enhanced conversio ...
... contributes to a significant change in the typical life time of many species, since OH are participating in a large number of chemical reactions. It is e.g. found that more SO42− will be present in the future over the already polluted areas and this increase can be explained by an enhanced conversio ...
Challenges and opportunities in research on climate, weather, water
... providing data, in real-time when possible, to meet research needs and facilitate the testing of new research approaches. WMO should play a major role in identifying and facilitating mechanisms to implement the two-way interactions between research, users and operations. Increase the involvement of ...
... providing data, in real-time when possible, to meet research needs and facilitate the testing of new research approaches. WMO should play a major role in identifying and facilitating mechanisms to implement the two-way interactions between research, users and operations. Increase the involvement of ...
Inclusion of ecologically based trait variation in plant functional types
... based on field data, the response of plants to elevated CO2 concentrations could only be determined experimentally. For this, we used meta-analyses of CO2 enrichment experiments. Due to the relatively sparse data, some PFTs were grouped. For trees, the elevated CO2 responses of Vcmax25 and Jmax25 we ...
... based on field data, the response of plants to elevated CO2 concentrations could only be determined experimentally. For this, we used meta-analyses of CO2 enrichment experiments. Due to the relatively sparse data, some PFTs were grouped. For trees, the elevated CO2 responses of Vcmax25 and Jmax25 we ...
Assessment of flash floods taking into account climate
... M. Velasco et al.: Assessment of flash floods taking into account climate change scenarios There have been several attempts to define independence criteria (Lang et al., 1999). Nevertheless, due to the difficulty of using physical arguments to define the dependence between two events, the methodolo ...
... M. Velasco et al.: Assessment of flash floods taking into account climate change scenarios There have been several attempts to define independence criteria (Lang et al., 1999). Nevertheless, due to the difficulty of using physical arguments to define the dependence between two events, the methodolo ...
Riparian Ecosystems in the 21st Century: Hotspots for Climate
... 1. Riparian ecosystems, in the absence of planned human adaptation, are likely to be particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts because of their relatively high levels of exposure and sensitivity to changes in climatic stimuli as well as constraints on their capacity to adapt autonomously due ...
... 1. Riparian ecosystems, in the absence of planned human adaptation, are likely to be particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts because of their relatively high levels of exposure and sensitivity to changes in climatic stimuli as well as constraints on their capacity to adapt autonomously due ...
Saving Kyoto - Graciela Chichilnisky
... forestall global disaster – the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations. The Kyoto Protocol capped the emissions of the main emitters, the industrialized countries, one by one. It also created an innovative new financial mechanism, the carbon market and its Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which has ...
... forestall global disaster – the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations. The Kyoto Protocol capped the emissions of the main emitters, the industrialized countries, one by one. It also created an innovative new financial mechanism, the carbon market and its Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which has ...
Climate change as a major risk management challenge: Prepared by
... • As a major institutional investor, the insurance industry encourages mitigating and adaptation efforts, such as investing in low-carbon energy projects. Policymakers • The insurance industry is prepared to help counter climate risks through active cooperation in implementing building codes or simi ...
... • As a major institutional investor, the insurance industry encourages mitigating and adaptation efforts, such as investing in low-carbon energy projects. Policymakers • The insurance industry is prepared to help counter climate risks through active cooperation in implementing building codes or simi ...
Ireland in a Warmer World
... methods are directly compared for their ability to predict precipitation over Ireland. There are differences in detail of the results produced by the two approaches, but the overall signal of wetter winters and drier summers is reflected consistently by both methods. Renewable energy sources are of ...
... methods are directly compared for their ability to predict precipitation over Ireland. There are differences in detail of the results produced by the two approaches, but the overall signal of wetter winters and drier summers is reflected consistently by both methods. Renewable energy sources are of ...
Sensitivity of burned area in Europe to climate change, atmospheric
... by socioeconomic regions we used the parameter values associated with the region “Europe,” while the remaining biomes had only one global parameter value, which we used here (see Table S1). The biome type in SIMFIRE directly influences burned area. When SIMFIRE is coupled to LPJ-GUESS, it is computed ...
... by socioeconomic regions we used the parameter values associated with the region “Europe,” while the remaining biomes had only one global parameter value, which we used here (see Table S1). The biome type in SIMFIRE directly influences burned area. When SIMFIRE is coupled to LPJ-GUESS, it is computed ...
Bridging the Adaptation Gap: Approaches to
... Investment Working Group (GARI). Publications of GARI are for information purposes only. Other than disclosures relating to GARI, the information contained in this publication has been obtained from sources that GARI believes to be reliable, but no representation or warranty, express or implied, is ...
... Investment Working Group (GARI). Publications of GARI are for information purposes only. Other than disclosures relating to GARI, the information contained in this publication has been obtained from sources that GARI believes to be reliable, but no representation or warranty, express or implied, is ...
Vulnerability to Climate Change and Reasons for
... global warming) is used as the common metric against which impacts are measured. This metric is closely related to greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations but is more relevant for impact assessments. Some general caveats apply to all of the reasons for concern: ...
... global warming) is used as the common metric against which impacts are measured. This metric is closely related to greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations but is more relevant for impact assessments. Some general caveats apply to all of the reasons for concern: ...
Contested science in the media: linguistic traces of
... even though different scholars have different understandings of the concept/term (Entman, 1993; Vliegenthart & van Zoonen, 2011; de Vreese, 2005). Entman (1993) observes that “[d]espite its omnipresence across the social sciences and humanities, nowhere is there a general statement of framing theory ...
... even though different scholars have different understandings of the concept/term (Entman, 1993; Vliegenthart & van Zoonen, 2011; de Vreese, 2005). Entman (1993) observes that “[d]espite its omnipresence across the social sciences and humanities, nowhere is there a general statement of framing theory ...
Comparison of Climate Change Adaptation CRS Report for Congress
... and natural resources adaptation. S. 1733 includes five additional provisions not provided for in the House bill that deal with drinking water utilities; water system mitigation and adaptation partnerships; flood control, protection, prevention, and response; wildfire; and coastal Great Lakes states ...
... and natural resources adaptation. S. 1733 includes five additional provisions not provided for in the House bill that deal with drinking water utilities; water system mitigation and adaptation partnerships; flood control, protection, prevention, and response; wildfire; and coastal Great Lakes states ...