High impact, low probability? An empirical analysis of risk in the economics of climate change: Working Paper 9 (505 kB) (opens in new window)
... peak of the last ice age, the Last Glacial Maximum).5 The general problem in specifying β is that we have almost no evidence on which to base it. While the belief is widely shared that impacts will become disproportionately more severe with rising temperatures, and while there are numerous partial e ...
... peak of the last ice age, the Last Glacial Maximum).5 The general problem in specifying β is that we have almost no evidence on which to base it. While the belief is widely shared that impacts will become disproportionately more severe with rising temperatures, and while there are numerous partial e ...
Climate variability and change: a perspective from the oceania region
... Nature and causes of climate anomalies A key question is whether changes, such as the decline in Western Australian rainfall, are due to global warming and climate change, or whether they arise from natural variability. Zidikheri and Frederiksen [20] developed a nonlinear inverse methodology that ha ...
... Nature and causes of climate anomalies A key question is whether changes, such as the decline in Western Australian rainfall, are due to global warming and climate change, or whether they arise from natural variability. Zidikheri and Frederiksen [20] developed a nonlinear inverse methodology that ha ...
PDF
... rainfall variability depend on the operation of climate for the world as a whole; however, their impacts are very distinct regionally and among economic sectors (Stern, 2008). The agricultural sector, by direct dependence on temperature and rainfall, is one of the most vulnerable to climate change ( ...
... rainfall variability depend on the operation of climate for the world as a whole; however, their impacts are very distinct regionally and among economic sectors (Stern, 2008). The agricultural sector, by direct dependence on temperature and rainfall, is one of the most vulnerable to climate change ( ...
climate change and indigenous people
... alpine Himalayas, social systems, or institutions like the Dzumsa play a vital role by regulating resource use in a way that prohibits over use and provides social, economic, and environmental security to the people. Some examples of resource management strategies and implications are as follows: Th ...
... alpine Himalayas, social systems, or institutions like the Dzumsa play a vital role by regulating resource use in a way that prohibits over use and provides social, economic, and environmental security to the people. Some examples of resource management strategies and implications are as follows: Th ...
Central African Republic
... droughts, tropical storms etc.) that may result in natural disasters. The annual emissions of the Central African Republic, estimated at 116,285.49 kt eq-CO2 in 2010, or 26 tons eq-CO2/person, represent less than 0.002% of global emissions. Despite its low rate of GHG emissions, the Central African ...
... droughts, tropical storms etc.) that may result in natural disasters. The annual emissions of the Central African Republic, estimated at 116,285.49 kt eq-CO2 in 2010, or 26 tons eq-CO2/person, represent less than 0.002% of global emissions. Despite its low rate of GHG emissions, the Central African ...
Assessment Synthesis Slides OEWG 3Aug2011
... leapfrog high-GWP HFCs in some applications, which would avoid a second transition out of HFCs and complications of an increasingly large inventory of HFC equipment requiring servicing with HFCs that may be expensive or not easily available • The same technology is available for non-Article 5 Partie ...
... leapfrog high-GWP HFCs in some applications, which would avoid a second transition out of HFCs and complications of an increasingly large inventory of HFC equipment requiring servicing with HFCs that may be expensive or not easily available • The same technology is available for non-Article 5 Partie ...
... iii. Why this project is not "business as usual" or already required by law; IV. How the emissions reductions are measured and monitored; v. Whether the reductions are verified by an independent source; Vl. Whether there are safeguards to prevent the emissions reduction from being sold twice; Vll. ...
The Realization of Global Warming The Realization of Global Warming
... then amplified by other physical processes. If the change in temperature was enough to melt ice sheets, these ice sheets might then float into the ocean, becoming enormous mirrors that reflected light back into space and cooled the Earth. When the precession was over, the ice would melt and temperat ...
... then amplified by other physical processes. If the change in temperature was enough to melt ice sheets, these ice sheets might then float into the ocean, becoming enormous mirrors that reflected light back into space and cooled the Earth. When the precession was over, the ice would melt and temperat ...
Full Paper - Agronomy 2015
... Due to the combination of increasing population and rising living standards, demand for staple foods such as wheat continues to increase. Most Australian wheat is produced in water-limited environments, and is exported. Recent climate projections indicate that Australia will experience increased tem ...
... Due to the combination of increasing population and rising living standards, demand for staple foods such as wheat continues to increase. Most Australian wheat is produced in water-limited environments, and is exported. Recent climate projections indicate that Australia will experience increased tem ...
Executive Summary - A New Climate for Peace
... resilience. Eight of the g7+ states — a voluntary association of conflict-affected countries that are in transition to the next stages of development and part of the New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States — have recognized climate-conflict risks in their National Adaptation Programmes of Action. ...
... resilience. Eight of the g7+ states — a voluntary association of conflict-affected countries that are in transition to the next stages of development and part of the New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States — have recognized climate-conflict risks in their National Adaptation Programmes of Action. ...
PDF
... are reallocated to finance adaptation measures (World Bank, 2010:40). It is estimated that economic losses due to climate change will amount to 14% of GDP if adaptation measures fail to be implemented. If this were to happen it means that resources would be reallocated away from development projects ...
... are reallocated to finance adaptation measures (World Bank, 2010:40). It is estimated that economic losses due to climate change will amount to 14% of GDP if adaptation measures fail to be implemented. If this were to happen it means that resources would be reallocated away from development projects ...
Forced migration: a new challenge
... of migration therefore involve various motivations, often including the desire to improve conditions both for the migrants themselves and for their families. 10. Studies of migration in Africa point to the fact that the decision to send one family member abroad is a collective survival strategy that ...
... of migration therefore involve various motivations, often including the desire to improve conditions both for the migrants themselves and for their families. 10. Studies of migration in Africa point to the fact that the decision to send one family member abroad is a collective survival strategy that ...
Climate Change Impacts on Water and Security
... factors could be a cause or a ‘multiplier’ of tensions within and between countries. Whether security threats arise from climate impacts – or options for cooperation evolve – does not depend only on the severity of the impacts themselves, but on social, economic institutional vulnerabilities or resi ...
... factors could be a cause or a ‘multiplier’ of tensions within and between countries. Whether security threats arise from climate impacts – or options for cooperation evolve – does not depend only on the severity of the impacts themselves, but on social, economic institutional vulnerabilities or resi ...
Session 2: who is responsible?
... Show slide 15. Explain that this world map shows the amount of carbon dioxide produced on average per person (CO2 emissions per capita) for each country in 2012. Data isn’t available for some of the countries. Alternatively you might like to use the interactive version of the map: http://globalcarbo ...
... Show slide 15. Explain that this world map shows the amount of carbon dioxide produced on average per person (CO2 emissions per capita) for each country in 2012. Data isn’t available for some of the countries. Alternatively you might like to use the interactive version of the map: http://globalcarbo ...
CI`s COP21 press kit here
... We know that our climate is rapidly changing and that many of these changes, like warmer temperatures and rising seas, are already apparent and having significant impacts on communities worldwide. Scientists at Conservation International have been studying how climate change will affect our lives an ...
... We know that our climate is rapidly changing and that many of these changes, like warmer temperatures and rising seas, are already apparent and having significant impacts on communities worldwide. Scientists at Conservation International have been studying how climate change will affect our lives an ...
Thy Physical Science Perspective of Climate Change Thy Physical
... to achieve, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to all ...
... to achieve, in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Convention, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Such a level should be achieved within a time-frame sufficient to all ...
prova de inglês
... 7. Keep us [North Americans] safe – the U.S. sends over half a trillion dollars annually to parts of the world that fund extremism and terror. 8. Make the U.S. more competitive. These reasons have little to do with the science of climate change. Unfortunately, the focus on eliminating CO2 as being s ...
... 7. Keep us [North Americans] safe – the U.S. sends over half a trillion dollars annually to parts of the world that fund extremism and terror. 8. Make the U.S. more competitive. These reasons have little to do with the science of climate change. Unfortunately, the focus on eliminating CO2 as being s ...
Greener Skies response - Aviation Environment Federation
... The crucial factor in tackling climate change is not simply arriving at a given reduction target but the cumulative stock of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The Bill’s proposed trajectory would therefore be invalidated if aviation emissions were incorporated into the 2020 and 2050 targets at a h ...
... The crucial factor in tackling climate change is not simply arriving at a given reduction target but the cumulative stock of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The Bill’s proposed trajectory would therefore be invalidated if aviation emissions were incorporated into the 2020 and 2050 targets at a h ...
As a defining human development challenge of the 21st century [UN
... Under these key areas, the GoB has initiated specific projects on each sector. The underlying assumption is to use ICT as a key enabler in fulfilling goals set by this strategy and action plan. Despite the national level consensus and efforts in combating climate change is growing with time, we can ...
... Under these key areas, the GoB has initiated specific projects on each sector. The underlying assumption is to use ICT as a key enabler in fulfilling goals set by this strategy and action plan. Despite the national level consensus and efforts in combating climate change is growing with time, we can ...
Out of the Bunker: Time for a fair deal on shipping emissions
... negotiations 1 – are large and growing fast. A single ship can emit more in one year than many small island states. Yet they are not currently regulated under the global climate regime. This paper shows that setting a carbon price for ships, at around $25 per tonne, can drive significant maritime em ...
... negotiations 1 – are large and growing fast. A single ship can emit more in one year than many small island states. Yet they are not currently regulated under the global climate regime. This paper shows that setting a carbon price for ships, at around $25 per tonne, can drive significant maritime em ...
Climate change, greenhouse gases and radiative forcing
... “radiative forcing”. This is a measure of the energy imbalance between the incoming solar and outgoing infrared radiation at the top of the atmosphere caused by the GHGs. If we stopped further emissions of GHGs tomorrow, the system would gradually return to equilibrium at a warmer surface temperatur ...
... “radiative forcing”. This is a measure of the energy imbalance between the incoming solar and outgoing infrared radiation at the top of the atmosphere caused by the GHGs. If we stopped further emissions of GHGs tomorrow, the system would gradually return to equilibrium at a warmer surface temperatur ...
Zimbabwe - TILZ
... known as El Niño, is associated with periods of low rainfall and the risk of drought in Zimbabwe, while ENSO’s cold phase, La Niña, brings periods of high rainfall and increased risk of flooding. Positive IOD events are associated with lower summer rainfall in Zimbabwe (Manatsa et al., 2008). Key cl ...
... known as El Niño, is associated with periods of low rainfall and the risk of drought in Zimbabwe, while ENSO’s cold phase, La Niña, brings periods of high rainfall and increased risk of flooding. Positive IOD events are associated with lower summer rainfall in Zimbabwe (Manatsa et al., 2008). Key cl ...
A noodle, hockey stick, and spaghetti plate: a perspective on high-resolution paleoclimatology
... relevance of global change research and development of new proxy records and techniques, numerous largescale temperature reconstructions in the following two decades were produced.11–36 It was not until the late 1990s that such reconstructions extended far enough back to place recent temperature cha ...
... relevance of global change research and development of new proxy records and techniques, numerous largescale temperature reconstructions in the following two decades were produced.11–36 It was not until the late 1990s that such reconstructions extended far enough back to place recent temperature cha ...
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
... advantages of the changing duration of growing season and associated heat and moisture level was another options. Farmers have developed a wide range of management practices such as intercropping, crop rotation, rainwater harvesting etc. But even now the agricultural insurance is not so popular amon ...
... advantages of the changing duration of growing season and associated heat and moisture level was another options. Farmers have developed a wide range of management practices such as intercropping, crop rotation, rainwater harvesting etc. But even now the agricultural insurance is not so popular amon ...
10-03
... rising air masses spin around a predominant weather pattern. General atmospheric circulation, including the path of the storm systems, in both Northern and Southern hemispheres takes the form of ring-like modes or patterns of variability that circle around the poles. These modes oscillate between hi ...
... rising air masses spin around a predominant weather pattern. General atmospheric circulation, including the path of the storm systems, in both Northern and Southern hemispheres takes the form of ring-like modes or patterns of variability that circle around the poles. These modes oscillate between hi ...
Climate engineering
Climate engineering, also referred to as geoengineering or climate intervention, is the deliberate and large-scale intervention in the Earth’s climatic system with the aim of limiting adverse climate change. Climate engineering is an umbrella term for two types of measures: carbon dioxide removal and solar radiation management. Carbon dioxide removal addresses the cause of climate change by removing one of the greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide) from the atmosphere. Solar radiation management attempts to offset effects of greenhouse gases by causing the Earth to absorb less solar radiation.Climate engineering approaches are sometimes viewed as additional potential options for limiting climate change, alongside mitigation and adaptation. There is substantial agreement among scientists that climate engineering cannot substitute climate change mitigation. Some approaches might be used as accompanying measures to sharp cuts in greenhouse gas emissions. Given that all types of measures addressing climate change have economic, political or physical limitations a some climate engineering approaches might eventually be used as part of an ensemble of measures. Research on costs, benefits, and various types of risks of most climate engineering approaches is at an early stage and their understanding needs to improve to judge their adequacy and feasibility.No known large-scale climate engineering projects have taken place to date. Almost all research into solar geoengineering has consisted of computer modelling or laboratory tests, and attempts to move to real-world experimentation have proved controversial for many types of climate engineering. Some practices, such as planting of trees and whitening of surfaces as well as bio-energy with carbon capture and storage projects are underway, their scalability to effectively affect global climate is however debated. Ocean iron fertilization has been given small-scale research trials, sparking substantial controversy.Most experts and major reports advise against relying on geoengineering techniques as a simple solution to climate change, in part due to the large uncertainties over effectiveness and side effects. However, most experts also argue that the risks of such interventions must be seen in the context of risks of dangerous climate change. Interventions at large scale may run a greater risk disrupting natural systems resulting in a dilemma that those approaches that could prove highly (cost-) effective in addressing extreme climate risk, might themselves cause substantial risk. Some have suggested that the concept of geoengineering the climate presents a moral hazard because it could reduce political and public pressure for emissions reduction, which could exacerbate overall climate risks.Groups such as ETC Group and some climate researchers (such as Raymond Pierrehumbert) are in favour of a moratorium on out-of-doors testing and deployment of SRM.