Expect Above Average Temperatures: Identifying the Economic
... t outcomes often depend on time t − 1 choices, many of which appear in the error term of standard time series (or panel) regressions. These time t − 1 choices in turn depend on time t − 1 weather and on time t − 1 forecasts of time t weather. Therefore, time series estimates of the causal effect of ...
... t outcomes often depend on time t − 1 choices, many of which appear in the error term of standard time series (or panel) regressions. These time t − 1 choices in turn depend on time t − 1 weather and on time t − 1 forecasts of time t weather. Therefore, time series estimates of the causal effect of ...
Report
... Assessment on Impacts of Potential Climate Variability and Change is one of eighteen regional components of the U.S. National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change for the Nation, organized by the U.S. Global Change Research Program in 2000. This study examines t ...
... Assessment on Impacts of Potential Climate Variability and Change is one of eighteen regional components of the U.S. National Assessment of the Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change for the Nation, organized by the U.S. Global Change Research Program in 2000. This study examines t ...
21st Century Precipitation Changes over the Los Angeles Region
... 3-day flood discharges, even though models tended to disagree on the sign of mean annual ...
... 3-day flood discharges, even though models tended to disagree on the sign of mean annual ...
Science Stories - ComunicaRSE | ComunicaRSE
... Combining COIN’s climate change communication expertise with a series of 16 interviews with leading figures from the UK media and civil society – experts on translating the science of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for their audiences – this report asks what the IPCC process wou ...
... Combining COIN’s climate change communication expertise with a series of 16 interviews with leading figures from the UK media and civil society – experts on translating the science of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for their audiences – this report asks what the IPCC process wou ...
2015 Pennsylvania Climate Impacts Assessment Update
... update analyzes historical and future changes in Pennsylvania’s climate utilizing the new data sets, new statistical techniques, and the most recent suite of global and regional climate model simulations. The findings are largely similar to those of the 2009 Report and 2013 Update. Pennsylvania has ...
... update analyzes historical and future changes in Pennsylvania’s climate utilizing the new data sets, new statistical techniques, and the most recent suite of global and regional climate model simulations. The findings are largely similar to those of the 2009 Report and 2013 Update. Pennsylvania has ...
Journal of Environmental Monitoring
... Observational evidence from all continents and most oceans shows that many natural systems are being affected by regional climate changes, particularly temperature increases.2 Global climate has varied and changed in the past on a range of timescales, and organisms and ecosystems have survived, chang ...
... Observational evidence from all continents and most oceans shows that many natural systems are being affected by regional climate changes, particularly temperature increases.2 Global climate has varied and changed in the past on a range of timescales, and organisms and ecosystems have survived, chang ...
Omitted Damages What`s Missing from the Social Cost of Carbon.indd
... two.2 Using a methodology specified in the 2010 Technical Support Document (IWG, 2010), the 2010 Interagency Working Group developed a central estimate (corresponding to a constant discount rate of 3 percent) of $24 for a 2015 emission of carbon using three Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs): DICE-2 ...
... two.2 Using a methodology specified in the 2010 Technical Support Document (IWG, 2010), the 2010 Interagency Working Group developed a central estimate (corresponding to a constant discount rate of 3 percent) of $24 for a 2015 emission of carbon using three Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs): DICE-2 ...
UK Climate Change Risk Assessment 2017 Synthesis Report
... The greatest direct climate change-related threats for the UK are large increases in flood risk and exposure to high temperatures and heatwaves, shortages in water, substantial risks to UK wildlife and natural ecosystems, risks to domestic and international food production and trade, and from new a ...
... The greatest direct climate change-related threats for the UK are large increases in flood risk and exposure to high temperatures and heatwaves, shortages in water, substantial risks to UK wildlife and natural ecosystems, risks to domestic and international food production and trade, and from new a ...
Net regional methane sink in High Arctic soils of northeast Greenland
... uptake in all non-water-saturated landforms studied, with seasonal averages of −8.3 ± 3.7 µmol CH4 m−2 h−1 in dry tundra and −3.1 ± 1.6 µmol CH4 m−2 h−1 in moist tundra. The fluxes were sensitive to temperature, with methane uptake increasing with increasing temperatures. We extrapolate our measurem ...
... uptake in all non-water-saturated landforms studied, with seasonal averages of −8.3 ± 3.7 µmol CH4 m−2 h−1 in dry tundra and −3.1 ± 1.6 µmol CH4 m−2 h−1 in moist tundra. The fluxes were sensitive to temperature, with methane uptake increasing with increasing temperatures. We extrapolate our measurem ...
The influence of the freshwater environment and the biological
... adapted for downstream migration, seawater entry, and marine residence. For smolting to occur, a critical size (or size-related development stage) is necessary (McCormick et al., 1998), and conditions in freshwater such as temperature, food availability, photoperiod, and competition affect the attai ...
... adapted for downstream migration, seawater entry, and marine residence. For smolting to occur, a critical size (or size-related development stage) is necessary (McCormick et al., 1998), and conditions in freshwater such as temperature, food availability, photoperiod, and competition affect the attai ...
Climate Resilient Development - EDA
... Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) in 2008, by the Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change for climate change action in the country. The plan consists of eight national level missions including five that pertain to adaptation. To integrate climate action at subnational levels, various states were als ...
... Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) in 2008, by the Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change for climate change action in the country. The plan consists of eight national level missions including five that pertain to adaptation. To integrate climate action at subnational levels, various states were als ...
Recent trends in vegetation dynamics in the African Sahel and their
... months. The sharp seasonal contrasts are overlain by considerable fluctuations in rainfall at inter-annual and -decadal time scales, which make the Sahelian region the most dramatic example of climate variability that has been directly measured (Hulme, 2001). Causes for long-term rainfall fluctuations ...
... months. The sharp seasonal contrasts are overlain by considerable fluctuations in rainfall at inter-annual and -decadal time scales, which make the Sahelian region the most dramatic example of climate variability that has been directly measured (Hulme, 2001). Causes for long-term rainfall fluctuations ...
climate change effects on grassland
... This document draws primarily from peer-reviewed studies, synthesis reports, and government publications. This document is for discussion purposes only and is not intended to be published or cited. In most cases, this document uses language taken directly from the cited sources. Readers should refer ...
... This document draws primarily from peer-reviewed studies, synthesis reports, and government publications. This document is for discussion purposes only and is not intended to be published or cited. In most cases, this document uses language taken directly from the cited sources. Readers should refer ...
Mid-Holocene monsoons - Macquarie University ResearchOnline
... than differences between models (an assumption broadly supported by comparison of the two models that contributed simulations with two versions in PMIP1 (LMD4/ LMD5) and PMIP2 (MRI-fa/MRI-nfa), we have examined the ensemble of five models that ran atmosphereonly simulations in PMIP1 (CCM3/CCSM, ECHA ...
... than differences between models (an assumption broadly supported by comparison of the two models that contributed simulations with two versions in PMIP1 (LMD4/ LMD5) and PMIP2 (MRI-fa/MRI-nfa), we have examined the ensemble of five models that ran atmosphereonly simulations in PMIP1 (CCM3/CCSM, ECHA ...
pdf
... FUNECO123_proof ■ 28 February 2011 ■ 3/13 Climate change feedbacks to microbial decomposition ...
... FUNECO123_proof ■ 28 February 2011 ■ 3/13 Climate change feedbacks to microbial decomposition ...
ocean fertilization
... that iron abundance in oceanic phytoplankton were very low (10-4-10-5 mol Fe / mol C), which eventually gave rise to the idea that substantial ocean uptake of carbon dioxide could be catalyzed by fairly small additions of iron to high nutrient, low chlorophyll regions. The first in situ fertilizatio ...
... that iron abundance in oceanic phytoplankton were very low (10-4-10-5 mol Fe / mol C), which eventually gave rise to the idea that substantial ocean uptake of carbon dioxide could be catalyzed by fairly small additions of iron to high nutrient, low chlorophyll regions. The first in situ fertilizatio ...
Cloud feedback mechanisms and their representation in global
... Cloud feedback – the change in top-of-atmosphere radiative flux resulting from the cloud response to warming – constitutes by far the largest source of uncertainty in the climate response to CO2 forcing simulated by global climate models (GCMs). We review the main mechan ...
... Cloud feedback – the change in top-of-atmosphere radiative flux resulting from the cloud response to warming – constitutes by far the largest source of uncertainty in the climate response to CO2 forcing simulated by global climate models (GCMs). We review the main mechan ...
Climate Change 2014 Synthesis Report The Core Writing Team Rajendra K. Pachauri
... The SYR confirms that human influence on the climate system is clear and growing, with impacts observed across all continents and oceans. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The IPCC is now 95 percent certain that humans are the main cause of cur ...
... The SYR confirms that human influence on the climate system is clear and growing, with impacts observed across all continents and oceans. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The IPCC is now 95 percent certain that humans are the main cause of cur ...
Climate Change and Urban Greenspace. PhD thesis, The University
... the green roofs ‘development scenario’ ………………………………………………... Table 5.20. Input values for evaporating fraction and the weighted building mass when previously developed land becomes high density residential ………………………….. Table 5.21. Input values for evaporating fraction and the weighted building mass ...
... the green roofs ‘development scenario’ ………………………………………………... Table 5.20. Input values for evaporating fraction and the weighted building mass when previously developed land becomes high density residential ………………………….. Table 5.21. Input values for evaporating fraction and the weighted building mass ...
Perceptions and responses to climate policy risks among California
... A number of independent variables were considered including Climate Change Experience, Past Policy Experience, Climate Change Belief and Climate Change Risk. Past Policy Experience was measured by assessing a farmer’s overall perspective on four past environmental policies (Table 2). Farmers were as ...
... A number of independent variables were considered including Climate Change Experience, Past Policy Experience, Climate Change Belief and Climate Change Risk. Past Policy Experience was measured by assessing a farmer’s overall perspective on four past environmental policies (Table 2). Farmers were as ...
The role of ocean transport in the uptake of
... L. Cao et al.: Ocean transport and anthropogenic CO2 uptake 5000 years from now in response to a CO2 emission pulse of about 5000 Pg C (Archer, 2005; Lenton and Britton, 2006; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007; Montenegro et al., 2007). Moreover, a recent model intercomparison study shows that in respon ...
... L. Cao et al.: Ocean transport and anthropogenic CO2 uptake 5000 years from now in response to a CO2 emission pulse of about 5000 Pg C (Archer, 2005; Lenton and Britton, 2006; Ridgwell and Hargreaves, 2007; Montenegro et al., 2007). Moreover, a recent model intercomparison study shows that in respon ...
Climate Change Scenarios for the United Kingdom
... We acknowledge our debt to the UKCIP98 climate change scenario report upon which this one builds. We particularly note the contribution made by the Climatic Research Unit in the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia to this earlier report and in developing a number of sce ...
... We acknowledge our debt to the UKCIP98 climate change scenario report upon which this one builds. We particularly note the contribution made by the Climatic Research Unit in the School of Environmental Sciences at the University of East Anglia to this earlier report and in developing a number of sce ...
Gauteng Climate Change Risk and vulnerability assessment
... probability of occurrence of hazardous events or trends multiplied by the impacts if these events or trends occur. Risk results from the interaction of vulnerability, exposure, and hazard. In this report, the term risk is used primarily to refer to the risks of climate-change impacts. ...
... probability of occurrence of hazardous events or trends multiplied by the impacts if these events or trends occur. Risk results from the interaction of vulnerability, exposure, and hazard. In this report, the term risk is used primarily to refer to the risks of climate-change impacts. ...
Biodiversity and Climate Change in Ireland
... northern hemisphere land areas and at high latitudes (Albritton et al., 2001; Giorgi, 2005). In addition, numerous studies have shown that the most recent observations of changes in surface and free-atmosphere temperatures cannot be explained by (modelestimated) natural climate variability alone (He ...
... northern hemisphere land areas and at high latitudes (Albritton et al., 2001; Giorgi, 2005). In addition, numerous studies have shown that the most recent observations of changes in surface and free-atmosphere temperatures cannot be explained by (modelestimated) natural climate variability alone (He ...
Instrumental temperature record
The instrumental temperature record shows fluctuations of the temperature of earth's climate system. Initially the instrumental temperature record only documented land and sea surface temperature, but in recent decades instruments have also begun recording ocean temperature. Data is collected from thousands of meteorological stations around the globe and through satellite observations. The longest-running temperature record is the Central England temperature data series, that starts in 1659. The longest-running quasi-global record starts in 1850.