Chapter 5. Brief history of climate: causes and mechanisms
... Since the beginning of Earth’s history, climate has varied on all timescales. Over millions of years, it has swung between very warm conditions, with annual mean temperatures above 10°C in polar regions and glacial climates in which the ice sheets covered the majority of the mid-latitude continents. ...
... Since the beginning of Earth’s history, climate has varied on all timescales. Over millions of years, it has swung between very warm conditions, with annual mean temperatures above 10°C in polar regions and glacial climates in which the ice sheets covered the majority of the mid-latitude continents. ...
Global and Mediterranean climate change: a short summary
... Since about 1750, about 374 billion metric tonnes of CO2 have been released mainly from fossil fuels combustion and cement production. Half of the total CO2 emitted from fossil fuel combustion has been registered since 1980s [33]. CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use have continued to increase during ...
... Since about 1750, about 374 billion metric tonnes of CO2 have been released mainly from fossil fuels combustion and cement production. Half of the total CO2 emitted from fossil fuel combustion has been registered since 1980s [33]. CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use have continued to increase during ...
Four degrees and beyond: the potential for a global temperature
... with any global temperature are well established and are well summarized in the IPCC 4th Assessment [18]. Land areas warm more than the oceans, so for almost all areas of human habitation, temperature increases will exceed, frequently by more than one-and-a-half times, the global average. Temperatur ...
... with any global temperature are well established and are well summarized in the IPCC 4th Assessment [18]. Land areas warm more than the oceans, so for almost all areas of human habitation, temperature increases will exceed, frequently by more than one-and-a-half times, the global average. Temperatur ...
A climate of uncertainty: accounting for error in climate variables for
... of the PRISM climate-elevation regression function. The jackknife method involved removing, in turn, each station value from the data set, estimating it in its absence, and returning the station to the data set. While jack-knife error estimation is a useful independent measure of interpolation uncer ...
... of the PRISM climate-elevation regression function. The jackknife method involved removing, in turn, each station value from the data set, estimating it in its absence, and returning the station to the data set. While jack-knife error estimation is a useful independent measure of interpolation uncer ...
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... What is lost by doing this? The full model will give more disaggregated results on a larger number of variables, but for many policy purposes this is not necessary. The full model may also give an appearance of greater precision, by taking account of effects disregarded in the small model. However, ...
... What is lost by doing this? The full model will give more disaggregated results on a larger number of variables, but for many policy purposes this is not necessary. The full model may also give an appearance of greater precision, by taking account of effects disregarded in the small model. However, ...
Environmental Questions. Affordable Answers?
... ington would require drastic reductions of CO2 , partic- ent or popularly driven by special interests.” Credible studies on the cost impacts of the pending Congressional climate change legislation, such as ularly from electric generating plants. There are several the Lieberman-Warner bill, all poi ...
... ington would require drastic reductions of CO2 , partic- ent or popularly driven by special interests.” Credible studies on the cost impacts of the pending Congressional climate change legislation, such as ularly from electric generating plants. There are several the Lieberman-Warner bill, all poi ...
Scientific Consensus Statement on the Executive Summary
... Other changes, such as prevalence of insect infestations and expansion of woody vegetation, are less certain (Terrestrial Ecosystems Breakout Group 2004), in part because they are affected by additional factors such as precipitation and land use. Precipitation Changes in precipitation regimes are g ...
... Other changes, such as prevalence of insect infestations and expansion of woody vegetation, are less certain (Terrestrial Ecosystems Breakout Group 2004), in part because they are affected by additional factors such as precipitation and land use. Precipitation Changes in precipitation regimes are g ...
State of Oregon: At Home
... Other changes, such as prevalence of insect infestations and expansion of woody vegetation, are less certain (Terrestrial Ecosystems Breakout Group 2004), in part because they are affected by additional factors such as precipitation and land use. Precipitation Changes in precipitation regimes are g ...
... Other changes, such as prevalence of insect infestations and expansion of woody vegetation, are less certain (Terrestrial Ecosystems Breakout Group 2004), in part because they are affected by additional factors such as precipitation and land use. Precipitation Changes in precipitation regimes are g ...
Ideas and perspectives: climate-relevant marine biologically driven
... been shown to be regionally important (see, e.g., Baumann et al., 2004; Kleypas et al., 2006) or are assumed to be relevant for aragonite (Gangstøet al., 2008) but presumably only marginally for climate dynamics. To represent the alkalinity pump in ESMs, calcifiers need to be included to generate th ...
... been shown to be regionally important (see, e.g., Baumann et al., 2004; Kleypas et al., 2006) or are assumed to be relevant for aragonite (Gangstøet al., 2008) but presumably only marginally for climate dynamics. To represent the alkalinity pump in ESMs, calcifiers need to be included to generate th ...
Schroder Climate Change Report
... changes to these systems. It has used a variety of methods from paleoclimatic records (dating back hundreds of millions of years), instrumental records (dating back to the mid19th century) and a more comprehensive (and diverse) set of climatic data since the 1950s. This information is used to produc ...
... changes to these systems. It has used a variety of methods from paleoclimatic records (dating back hundreds of millions of years), instrumental records (dating back to the mid19th century) and a more comprehensive (and diverse) set of climatic data since the 1950s. This information is used to produc ...
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... increase the mean global temperature in the range of 1.5 to 4.5°C, with a midrange value of 3.0 to 3.5°C. Lags between emissions and changes in equilibrium global temperature and the effects of aerosols, which are emitted when coal is burned (among other sources), help to explain discrepancies betwe ...
... increase the mean global temperature in the range of 1.5 to 4.5°C, with a midrange value of 3.0 to 3.5°C. Lags between emissions and changes in equilibrium global temperature and the effects of aerosols, which are emitted when coal is burned (among other sources), help to explain discrepancies betwe ...
Climate change impact – A novel, initiative for Kerala
... “Climate Change is the greatest ecological, economic and social challenge of our time” Earth’s Climate is undergoing noteworthy natural changes for centuries. However the variations in the last couple of centuries cannot be explained by natural climatic variations alone. Inter-governmental Panel on ...
... “Climate Change is the greatest ecological, economic and social challenge of our time” Earth’s Climate is undergoing noteworthy natural changes for centuries. However the variations in the last couple of centuries cannot be explained by natural climatic variations alone. Inter-governmental Panel on ...
Global Health Lesson Plan
... increased exposure of pollutants, and the increased use of agricultural chemicals to deal with heat stress on crops. Recommended Use: Document illustrative of how each health effect spirals into or out of the other. In essence, there’s a domino effect resulting from the increased temperature. Also, ...
... increased exposure of pollutants, and the increased use of agricultural chemicals to deal with heat stress on crops. Recommended Use: Document illustrative of how each health effect spirals into or out of the other. In essence, there’s a domino effect resulting from the increased temperature. Also, ...
How to eat an elephant: a bottom
... the evidence indicates several decades – which suggests that effective market prices for carbon are likely to be part of the end-game for a mitigation strategy (as suggested below), to encourage a rapid shift to new technology once it becomes available at a competitive price, rather than as the init ...
... the evidence indicates several decades – which suggests that effective market prices for carbon are likely to be part of the end-game for a mitigation strategy (as suggested below), to encourage a rapid shift to new technology once it becomes available at a competitive price, rather than as the init ...
Assessment of global warming on the island of Tenerife, Canary
... (Trenberth et al. 2007). However, this rise is not happening simultaneously in all places, it is more pronounced in the northern than the southern hemisphere (Jones 1994; Jones et al. 1982, 2011) and at the poles than in tropical regions (Root et al. 2003). Since 1979, the rate of increase in surfac ...
... (Trenberth et al. 2007). However, this rise is not happening simultaneously in all places, it is more pronounced in the northern than the southern hemisphere (Jones 1994; Jones et al. 1982, 2011) and at the poles than in tropical regions (Root et al. 2003). Since 1979, the rate of increase in surfac ...
Speech of - Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development
... It has been observed that natural hazards by themselves may not necessarily cause disasters; it is the combination of an exposed, vulnerable and ill-prepared population or community with a hazard event that results in a disaster. Therefore, there is a pressing need for vulnerable economies to fully ...
... It has been observed that natural hazards by themselves may not necessarily cause disasters; it is the combination of an exposed, vulnerable and ill-prepared population or community with a hazard event that results in a disaster. Therefore, there is a pressing need for vulnerable economies to fully ...
1 - Naturvernforbundet
... In August this year, the secretariat of the UNFCCC published an estimate of total emission reductions in the industrialized countries that have so far indicated a specific reduction target for 2020. According to the UNFCCC secretariat, total emission reductions with current targets will be somewher ...
... In August this year, the secretariat of the UNFCCC published an estimate of total emission reductions in the industrialized countries that have so far indicated a specific reduction target for 2020. According to the UNFCCC secretariat, total emission reductions with current targets will be somewher ...
Mathematics of Climate Change - Library
... The climate models used to make the IPCC projections are very complex systems of nonlinear equations solved on large computers. The IPCC relied on 24 different climate models in its report. Many of them have been developed under the auspices of national meteorological offices. Though some models ar ...
... The climate models used to make the IPCC projections are very complex systems of nonlinear equations solved on large computers. The IPCC relied on 24 different climate models in its report. Many of them have been developed under the auspices of national meteorological offices. Though some models ar ...
Appendix 5 Fine-scale population responses to weather and climate
... In this study, we found evidence of spatial variation in bird and butterfly population responses to temperature. We find support for our hypothesis as temperature tended to have a stronger association with population dynamics in cooler sites. We believe this relationship is due to the greater vulner ...
... In this study, we found evidence of spatial variation in bird and butterfly population responses to temperature. We find support for our hypothesis as temperature tended to have a stronger association with population dynamics in cooler sites. We believe this relationship is due to the greater vulner ...
Igniting Ecological Citizenship through Climate Change Studies
... Marginal living conditions in the Arctic have meant that management of wilderness areas requires large scale research and international co operation. Scientists from Svalbard, Tromso and Bergen provided expert information and viewpoints on the following research priorities. All experts interviewed d ...
... Marginal living conditions in the Arctic have meant that management of wilderness areas requires large scale research and international co operation. Scientists from Svalbard, Tromso and Bergen provided expert information and viewpoints on the following research priorities. All experts interviewed d ...
Ozone Depletion and Climate Change in Europe
... different type of tumors, as well as diminished resistance to viruses and bacterial infections. Additionally, there is some indication that UV radiation may also induce changes in the immune system regarding its response against autoimmune diseases. It has been proved that the radiation may either a ...
... different type of tumors, as well as diminished resistance to viruses and bacterial infections. Additionally, there is some indication that UV radiation may also induce changes in the immune system regarding its response against autoimmune diseases. It has been proved that the radiation may either a ...
Meehl, GA, R. Moss, KE Taylor, V. Eyring, RJ Stouffer, S. Bony, and
... An array of national LULCC policies, international trade, treaties, and protocols have direct effects on land use and land cover, with important biogeophysical and ...
... An array of national LULCC policies, international trade, treaties, and protocols have direct effects on land use and land cover, with important biogeophysical and ...
1 Opportunities for Climate Change Water Stress in
... indirectly [12]. Specifically, an increasing trend in dry conditions for arid areas and more frequent flash flooding were cited. The 2006 flash flood in the Nile basin resulted in 600 fatalities and nearly 120,000 additional affected people [12]. Flash flood hazards indicate rapid onset precipitatio ...
... indirectly [12]. Specifically, an increasing trend in dry conditions for arid areas and more frequent flash flooding were cited. The 2006 flash flood in the Nile basin resulted in 600 fatalities and nearly 120,000 additional affected people [12]. Flash flood hazards indicate rapid onset precipitatio ...