Master in de rechten
... Description of the problem In order to combat climate change, Parties concluded the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992. Five years later, the Kyoto Protocol to this Convention was adopted. Although this protocol can hardly be regarded as perfect, it indicated a s ...
... Description of the problem In order to combat climate change, Parties concluded the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992. Five years later, the Kyoto Protocol to this Convention was adopted. Although this protocol can hardly be regarded as perfect, it indicated a s ...
The Threat of Climate Change to Coral Reefs
... This review will focus on threats to coral reefs caused by climate change, especially elevated sea surface temperatures and increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere. There is increasing evidence that global climate change is having direct impacts on coral reefs, and these ecosystems ...
... This review will focus on threats to coral reefs caused by climate change, especially elevated sea surface temperatures and increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere. There is increasing evidence that global climate change is having direct impacts on coral reefs, and these ecosystems ...
Climate Change and The Insurance Sector
... This presentation is made by KPMG Kenya, a member firm of the KPMG network of independent firms affiliated with KPMG International, a Swiss cooperative. KPMG International provides no client services. No member firm has any authority to obligate or bind KPMG International or any other member firm vi ...
... This presentation is made by KPMG Kenya, a member firm of the KPMG network of independent firms affiliated with KPMG International, a Swiss cooperative. KPMG International provides no client services. No member firm has any authority to obligate or bind KPMG International or any other member firm vi ...
Coastal Hazards and Climate Change
... The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment, 2007 concluded that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. The Fourth Assessment also showed that it is likely that anthropogenic ...
... The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment, 2007 concluded that most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. The Fourth Assessment also showed that it is likely that anthropogenic ...
TITLE OF THE ABSTRACT
... decades, the permafrost is thawing and the sea ice has been thinner and the extent of the summer sea ice reduced since satellite observations started in the 70-ties. Combined effects with Short Lived Climate Forces (black carbon, ozone, etc.) and feedback mechanisms (reduced albedo and increased hea ...
... decades, the permafrost is thawing and the sea ice has been thinner and the extent of the summer sea ice reduced since satellite observations started in the 70-ties. Combined effects with Short Lived Climate Forces (black carbon, ozone, etc.) and feedback mechanisms (reduced albedo and increased hea ...
Name and describe 2 external factors which affect climate change
... Rainforest vegetation is strongly adapted to the climate and has a tight cycle of nutrients. If vegetation is removed the source of nutrients is gone. The soils in the rainforest are poor and with no nutrient cycling they rapidly become infertile and soil erosion occurs. Cutting down the trees can a ...
... Rainforest vegetation is strongly adapted to the climate and has a tight cycle of nutrients. If vegetation is removed the source of nutrients is gone. The soils in the rainforest are poor and with no nutrient cycling they rapidly become infertile and soil erosion occurs. Cutting down the trees can a ...
A Climate Risk Management Approach to Disaster
... manifestations of global climate risk, through to global measures to reduce hazard (for example, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions) and to reduce vulnerability (by increasing the social and economic resilience of ...
... manifestations of global climate risk, through to global measures to reduce hazard (for example, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions) and to reduce vulnerability (by increasing the social and economic resilience of ...
pLAnnIng fOR cLIMATE chAngE
... systems. Two of the most severe challenges of our time, rapid urbanization and climate change, collectively aggravate these pre-existing challenges in a number of ways. First, no city can be on a long-term path to more sustainable development without first addressing climate change. Without taking t ...
... systems. Two of the most severe challenges of our time, rapid urbanization and climate change, collectively aggravate these pre-existing challenges in a number of ways. First, no city can be on a long-term path to more sustainable development without first addressing climate change. Without taking t ...
English
... With increasing global temperatures, rising sea levels and more frequent and intense extreme weather events, Pacific islands countries, especially those in warmer latitudes, are the most vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. Their populations are expected to be among the first that wi ...
... With increasing global temperatures, rising sea levels and more frequent and intense extreme weather events, Pacific islands countries, especially those in warmer latitudes, are the most vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. Their populations are expected to be among the first that wi ...
Here - Permafrost Carbon Network
... causing normally frozen ground to thaw, exposing significant quantities of organic carbon to decomposition by soil microbes. This permafrost carbon is the remnants of plants and animals accumulated in perennially frozen soil over thousands of years, and it holds twice as much carbon as currently in ...
... causing normally frozen ground to thaw, exposing significant quantities of organic carbon to decomposition by soil microbes. This permafrost carbon is the remnants of plants and animals accumulated in perennially frozen soil over thousands of years, and it holds twice as much carbon as currently in ...
Measuring Vulnerability - global change SysTem for Analysis
... Climate change scenarios: Generated by general circulation models (GCMs) or synthetic scenarios (+/10% precipitation, 30 cm sea level rise, etc.); The output of GCMs depend on assumptions about greenhouse gas emissions, feedbacks, etc. SRES scenarios represent emissions according to different develo ...
... Climate change scenarios: Generated by general circulation models (GCMs) or synthetic scenarios (+/10% precipitation, 30 cm sea level rise, etc.); The output of GCMs depend on assumptions about greenhouse gas emissions, feedbacks, etc. SRES scenarios represent emissions according to different develo ...
Simulating northern peatland-atmosphere carbon
... Throughout the five years of my PhD studies at McGill University, many people have helped me and I would like to give my sincere thanks to them. I would also apologize in advance to those that I have missed. Above all, I would like to give my most sincere thanks to my Ph.D supervisor, Prof. Nigel T. ...
... Throughout the five years of my PhD studies at McGill University, many people have helped me and I would like to give my sincere thanks to them. I would also apologize in advance to those that I have missed. Above all, I would like to give my most sincere thanks to my Ph.D supervisor, Prof. Nigel T. ...
Switzerland`s Sixth National Communication and First
... Changes in climate leave visible signs on the environment and society, sometimes with dramatic consequences for territories already affected by an unfavorable climate. By committing to reducing its emissions of greenhouse gases below the 1990 level and taking national and international action in the ...
... Changes in climate leave visible signs on the environment and society, sometimes with dramatic consequences for territories already affected by an unfavorable climate. By committing to reducing its emissions of greenhouse gases below the 1990 level and taking national and international action in the ...
An Analysis of Adaptation as a Response to Climate Change
... different policy-driven adaptation strategies net of market-drive autonomous adaptation to climate change. AD-WITCH, the model used to carry out most of the analysis, is an optimal growth Integrated Assessment model endowed with an adaptation module to compute the costs and benefits of policy-driven ...
... different policy-driven adaptation strategies net of market-drive autonomous adaptation to climate change. AD-WITCH, the model used to carry out most of the analysis, is an optimal growth Integrated Assessment model endowed with an adaptation module to compute the costs and benefits of policy-driven ...
A Review of Academic Literature Related to
... increase vulnerability and reduce adaptive capacity. Additional research is required on impacts and adaptations for agriculture in Newfoundland and Labrador. Forestry operations are less vulnerable than agriculture, due to the life-span and nature of the forest assemblages, although pathogens and pe ...
... increase vulnerability and reduce adaptive capacity. Additional research is required on impacts and adaptations for agriculture in Newfoundland and Labrador. Forestry operations are less vulnerable than agriculture, due to the life-span and nature of the forest assemblages, although pathogens and pe ...
Impact Assessment Part 2 - European Commission
... describe divergent futures that encompass a significant portion of the underlying uncertainties in the main driving forces. They cover a wide range of key “future” characteristics such as demographic change, economic development, and technological change. For this reason, their plausibility or feasi ...
... describe divergent futures that encompass a significant portion of the underlying uncertainties in the main driving forces. They cover a wide range of key “future” characteristics such as demographic change, economic development, and technological change. For this reason, their plausibility or feasi ...
shaping our future
... of world we want to live in, and has been the engine of progressive change. We secured the right to vote for women, and have won many battles in the struggle for equality and human rights, and against poverty and injustice. Climate change is now the most pressing of the challenges facing humanity. I ...
... of world we want to live in, and has been the engine of progressive change. We secured the right to vote for women, and have won many battles in the struggle for equality and human rights, and against poverty and injustice. Climate change is now the most pressing of the challenges facing humanity. I ...
The City of Lewes Hazard Mitigation and Climate Adaptation Action
... take advantage of an increasing understanding of climate change impacts. It is already known that temperatures are rising, glaciers are retreating, snowpack is disappearing, spring is arriving earlier, and seas are rising. These changes will exacerbate hazards that are known to th ...
... take advantage of an increasing understanding of climate change impacts. It is already known that temperatures are rising, glaciers are retreating, snowpack is disappearing, spring is arriving earlier, and seas are rising. These changes will exacerbate hazards that are known to th ...
Review of climate change adaptation methods and tools
... The science is clear, climate change is here and is a challenge that people need to deal with over coming decades. Human activities have already caused some irreversible changes to ecosystems and further damage is likely. It is necessary to think how we will adjust not only to these specific changes ...
... The science is clear, climate change is here and is a challenge that people need to deal with over coming decades. Human activities have already caused some irreversible changes to ecosystems and further damage is likely. It is necessary to think how we will adjust not only to these specific changes ...
Climate Proofing: A Risk-based Approach to Adaptation
... climate variability and change (including extreme events), and exploit any positive consequences. Adaptive capacity – The potential for adjustments, processes (both natural and human), practices, or structures to moderate or offset the potential for damage, or take advantage of opportunities, create ...
... climate variability and change (including extreme events), and exploit any positive consequences. Adaptive capacity – The potential for adjustments, processes (both natural and human), practices, or structures to moderate or offset the potential for damage, or take advantage of opportunities, create ...
An Overview of Glaciers, Glacier Retreat, and Subsequent Impacts
... Closer to the present focus of our areas of study, Himalayan glaciers have also been found to be in a state of general retreat since 1850 (Mayewski & Jeschke 1979). The Himalayan glaciers feed seven of Asia’s great rivers: Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra, Salween, Mekong, Yangtze and Huang He, and ensure ...
... Closer to the present focus of our areas of study, Himalayan glaciers have also been found to be in a state of general retreat since 1850 (Mayewski & Jeschke 1979). The Himalayan glaciers feed seven of Asia’s great rivers: Ganga, Indus, Brahmaputra, Salween, Mekong, Yangtze and Huang He, and ensure ...
View online () - National Intelligence University
... how the effects of climate change might lead to future violent conflicts, and assesses the best way to prevent these conflicts. In his research, Plowman reviews the environmental security literature and applies events from Darfur to climate change models. This research suggests that climate change i ...
... how the effects of climate change might lead to future violent conflicts, and assesses the best way to prevent these conflicts. In his research, Plowman reviews the environmental security literature and applies events from Darfur to climate change models. This research suggests that climate change i ...
Effects of permafrost degradation on ecosystems
... degradation of permafrost, increase of thaw depths and disappearance of permafrost in local area, especially in the discontinuous and sporadic permafrost zones [17,18]. Widespread increases in active layer thickness can cause great changes in hydrological processes, distribution of vegetation, soil ...
... degradation of permafrost, increase of thaw depths and disappearance of permafrost in local area, especially in the discontinuous and sporadic permafrost zones [17,18]. Widespread increases in active layer thickness can cause great changes in hydrological processes, distribution of vegetation, soil ...
An Overview of Glaciers, Glacier Retreat, and Subsequent
... Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: `glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood[sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high.'" This statement was used in good faith but it is now clear that t ...
... Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSI) stated: `glaciers in the Himalayas are receding faster than in any other part of the world and, if the present rate continues, the livelihood[sic] of them disappearing by the year 2035 is very high.'" This statement was used in good faith but it is now clear that t ...
Working Paper 205 - Watkiss (opens in new window)
... starts with current climate variability and then considers future climate change, considering early lowregret options and longer-term adaptation interventions respectively, along with the use of decision making under uncertainty and iterative adaptive management. The second area of review has explor ...
... starts with current climate variability and then considers future climate change, considering early lowregret options and longer-term adaptation interventions respectively, along with the use of decision making under uncertainty and iterative adaptive management. The second area of review has explor ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.