Cooling Following Large Volcanic Eruptions
... eruptions, Unknown (1809), Tambora (1815), and Krakatau (1883), and two smaller ones, Santa María (1902) and Agung (1963) [Robock, 2000]. It can be seen in Fig. 4 that the Mann et al. [1998] reconstruction using tree ring data only shows much less cooling after the major eruptions of Tambora and Kra ...
... eruptions, Unknown (1809), Tambora (1815), and Krakatau (1883), and two smaller ones, Santa María (1902) and Agung (1963) [Robock, 2000]. It can be seen in Fig. 4 that the Mann et al. [1998] reconstruction using tree ring data only shows much less cooling after the major eruptions of Tambora and Kra ...
Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the
... There is evidence that we are already seeing the effects of climate change. The global average surface temperature has risen by about 0.6°C since 1900, with the 10 warmest years all having occurred since 1990 (the warmest year being 1998, followed by 2002, 2003 and 2004). There has been an increase ...
... There is evidence that we are already seeing the effects of climate change. The global average surface temperature has risen by about 0.6°C since 1900, with the 10 warmest years all having occurred since 1990 (the warmest year being 1998, followed by 2002, 2003 and 2004). There has been an increase ...
Microfinance and Climate Change: Threats and Opportunities C
... are called greenhouse gasses. Although there are many such gasses, most efforts to mitigate climate change concentrate on two of them: carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane. The heat-trapping effect of other greenhouse gasses is often expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e), that is, the amount of ...
... are called greenhouse gasses. Although there are many such gasses, most efforts to mitigate climate change concentrate on two of them: carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane. The heat-trapping effect of other greenhouse gasses is often expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e), that is, the amount of ...
Biological Responses to Rapid Climate Change at the Last Glacial
... is particularly important for identifying factors that might provide resilience in the face of rapid climate change Problem is that many ecological and evolutionary processes occur on timescales that exceed even long-term observational ecological data-sets (~100 ...
... is particularly important for identifying factors that might provide resilience in the face of rapid climate change Problem is that many ecological and evolutionary processes occur on timescales that exceed even long-term observational ecological data-sets (~100 ...
Chapter 4 The Ocean`s Role in the Hydrological Cycle
... The spatial distributions of these freshwater fluxes drive important patterns in regional and global ocean circulation, which are discussed in Chapter 5. The Southern Ocean (defined as all ocean area south of 60°S) deserves special mention due to its role in the storage of heat (and carbon) for the ...
... The spatial distributions of these freshwater fluxes drive important patterns in regional and global ocean circulation, which are discussed in Chapter 5. The Southern Ocean (defined as all ocean area south of 60°S) deserves special mention due to its role in the storage of heat (and carbon) for the ...
What is the Climate System and How are we Altering It?
... with adjusted stratospheric temperatures). The height of the rectangular bar denotes a central or best estimate of the forcing, while each vertical line is an estimate of the uncertainty range associated with the forcing guided by the spread in the published record and physical understanding, and wi ...
... with adjusted stratospheric temperatures). The height of the rectangular bar denotes a central or best estimate of the forcing, while each vertical line is an estimate of the uncertainty range associated with the forcing guided by the spread in the published record and physical understanding, and wi ...
Overview - International Association for Energy Economics
... expected to suggest two switching points: R&D and resource switching points. A fossil fuel with the lowest conversion cost is to be used first and over time it is replaced by another fossil fuel with the next lowest conversion cost. With the accumulation of knowledge stock on backstop resources, fos ...
... expected to suggest two switching points: R&D and resource switching points. A fossil fuel with the lowest conversion cost is to be used first and over time it is replaced by another fossil fuel with the next lowest conversion cost. With the accumulation of knowledge stock on backstop resources, fos ...
Deep-ocean contribution to sea level and energy budget - e
... significant. Therefore, we find no significant global ocean warming below 2,000 m. Nevertheless, by performing a more rigorous and conservative error analysis, it is possible to estimate an upper bound on the rate of deep-ocean warming (2,000-bottom) in terms of its contribution to global mean sea-l ...
... significant. Therefore, we find no significant global ocean warming below 2,000 m. Nevertheless, by performing a more rigorous and conservative error analysis, it is possible to estimate an upper bound on the rate of deep-ocean warming (2,000-bottom) in terms of its contribution to global mean sea-l ...
will continue to rise
... past emissions have already committed the climate: If concentrations were stabilized today by cutting emissions immediately to a small fraction of current levels, the average global temperature would gradually continue to rise—increasing by another 0.5°F to 1.6°F above recent levels by the end of th ...
... past emissions have already committed the climate: If concentrations were stabilized today by cutting emissions immediately to a small fraction of current levels, the average global temperature would gradually continue to rise—increasing by another 0.5°F to 1.6°F above recent levels by the end of th ...
Biodiversity - Lake Station Community Schools
... Physical Evidence – Sea level has risen since 1961 at a rate of 1.8 mm each year. This increase is caused by warmer water expanding and by melting glaciers, ice caps, and polar ice sheets. Satellite data confirm that arctic sea ice, glaciers, and snow cover are decreasing. ...
... Physical Evidence – Sea level has risen since 1961 at a rate of 1.8 mm each year. This increase is caused by warmer water expanding and by melting glaciers, ice caps, and polar ice sheets. Satellite data confirm that arctic sea ice, glaciers, and snow cover are decreasing. ...
President Obama’s Climate Action Plan Jane A. Leggett, Coordinator January 14, 2014
... Consider Climate Impacts in the National Interests of Keystone XL. The State Department faces a pending decision of whether to grant a Presidential Permit for the proposed Keystone XL pipeline. Keystone XL would transport oil sands crude from Canada to a market hub in Nebraska for further delivery t ...
... Consider Climate Impacts in the National Interests of Keystone XL. The State Department faces a pending decision of whether to grant a Presidential Permit for the proposed Keystone XL pipeline. Keystone XL would transport oil sands crude from Canada to a market hub in Nebraska for further delivery t ...
Aviva`s strategic response to climate change
... window of opportunity to take action. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that in order to limit global temperature increase to 2°C – the internationally agreed goal to avert the most severe and widespread implications of climate change – the world cannot emit more than ar ...
... window of opportunity to take action. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates that in order to limit global temperature increase to 2°C – the internationally agreed goal to avert the most severe and widespread implications of climate change – the world cannot emit more than ar ...
Natural and forced air temperature variability in the Labrador region
... indices demonstrating strong statistical relations with LATs (p value <0.05) were considered for inclusion in the ensemble of multiple regression models. The models were selected based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC), adjusted R2, degrees of collinearity (variance inflation factor, see Dor ...
... indices demonstrating strong statistical relations with LATs (p value <0.05) were considered for inclusion in the ensemble of multiple regression models. The models were selected based on the Akaike information criterion (AIC), adjusted R2, degrees of collinearity (variance inflation factor, see Dor ...
Will moist convection be stronger in a warmer climate?
... snapshot of each storm, including some stratiform anvils after convection and lightning have ceased. Rather than using updraft speeds directly, it might be possible instead to use their effect on the vertical profile of large hydrometeors to parameterize lightning as a function of the radar echo top ...
... snapshot of each storm, including some stratiform anvils after convection and lightning have ceased. Rather than using updraft speeds directly, it might be possible instead to use their effect on the vertical profile of large hydrometeors to parameterize lightning as a function of the radar echo top ...
Smurfit-Stone Container Enterprises, Inc
... are still largely under development, the specific impacts to Smurfit-Stone and the pulp and paper industry are difficult to predict as any single variable can vastly alter the scope of such impacts considerably. For example, a study done by National Economic Research Associates (“NERA”) suggests tha ...
... are still largely under development, the specific impacts to Smurfit-Stone and the pulp and paper industry are difficult to predict as any single variable can vastly alter the scope of such impacts considerably. For example, a study done by National Economic Research Associates (“NERA”) suggests tha ...
Annex I Parties
... 1. in-depth reviews of fourth national communications, which are due by January 1, 2006 (all Annex I Parties) 2. annual technical reviews of national GHG inventories (all Annex I Parties) 3. reviews of reports demonstrating progress achieved in meeting commitments under KP (RDPs) (Annex I KP Parties ...
... 1. in-depth reviews of fourth national communications, which are due by January 1, 2006 (all Annex I Parties) 2. annual technical reviews of national GHG inventories (all Annex I Parties) 3. reviews of reports demonstrating progress achieved in meeting commitments under KP (RDPs) (Annex I KP Parties ...
Presentation: Ramesh Kumar Jalan, Solution Exchange
... • Vacant lands are often catchment areas for rain water like marsh lands Solution Exchange – an initiative of the UN Country Team in India ...
... • Vacant lands are often catchment areas for rain water like marsh lands Solution Exchange – an initiative of the UN Country Team in India ...
Climate Change in the United States: The Prohibitive Costs of
... and the village of Newtok—would cost $405 million (Ruth, Coelho, and Karetnikov 2007). Impacts on Public Health If emissions continue to grow unabated, extreme heat waves that now occur once every 20 years are projected to occur about every other year in much of the country by the end of this centur ...
... and the village of Newtok—would cost $405 million (Ruth, Coelho, and Karetnikov 2007). Impacts on Public Health If emissions continue to grow unabated, extreme heat waves that now occur once every 20 years are projected to occur about every other year in much of the country by the end of this centur ...
Global Change in Local Places: How Scale Matters
... global change, including the identification of interesting alternatives for mitigation and urgent needs for action that might otherwise be missed. An illustrative example is an investigation of causes of land-use decision making in 192 villages in Thailand, which found a larger variation in behavior ...
... global change, including the identification of interesting alternatives for mitigation and urgent needs for action that might otherwise be missed. An illustrative example is an investigation of causes of land-use decision making in 192 villages in Thailand, which found a larger variation in behavior ...
Impact of climate change on Least Developed Countries: are the
... CO2 uptake is increasing the ocean’s acidity, threatening shellfish by reducing their ability to form shells. Warming can also cause oxygen levels to fall and, in extreme cases, ‘dead zones’ may form. The IPCC argues reducing CO2 is the most effective and least risky method to tackle acidification ( ...
... CO2 uptake is increasing the ocean’s acidity, threatening shellfish by reducing their ability to form shells. Warming can also cause oxygen levels to fall and, in extreme cases, ‘dead zones’ may form. The IPCC argues reducing CO2 is the most effective and least risky method to tackle acidification ( ...
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth`s
... In recent years, more and more people are starting to think about the term „global warming”. Is it really something dangerous? Do we need, and is it possible to fight against it? No one really knows, how it started, but it’s clear, that we can blame only ourselves. „Over the past 50 years the ice ar ...
... In recent years, more and more people are starting to think about the term „global warming”. Is it really something dangerous? Do we need, and is it possible to fight against it? No one really knows, how it started, but it’s clear, that we can blame only ourselves. „Over the past 50 years the ice ar ...
THE MONITOR CLIMATE TOURISm
... Tourism is currently a fast growing industry, however, and in the near term it is more likely that any impacts would instead trigger redistribution of tourism revenues away from low- and middle-income tropical coastal resorts to other global destinations, in particular high-income countries, which b ...
... Tourism is currently a fast growing industry, however, and in the near term it is more likely that any impacts would instead trigger redistribution of tourism revenues away from low- and middle-income tropical coastal resorts to other global destinations, in particular high-income countries, which b ...
Braconnot et al. (2012) - Harvard John A. Paulson School of
... the structure of the polar atmosphere and feedbacks in atmospheric lapse rate, water vapour and clouds that are amplified by changes in sea ice, snow cover and vegetation. Palaeodata also show larger changes in temperature over land than over the ocean in both cold and warm climate intervals (Fig. 2 ...
... the structure of the polar atmosphere and feedbacks in atmospheric lapse rate, water vapour and clouds that are amplified by changes in sea ice, snow cover and vegetation. Palaeodata also show larger changes in temperature over land than over the ocean in both cold and warm climate intervals (Fig. 2 ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.