Future changes in climate, ocean circulation, ecosystems, and
... vertical ALK profile close to the observed one. [7] The resulting ratio of organic versus carbonate export flux (rain ratio) across 126-m depth is shown in Figure 1 in comparison with recent observational estimates [Sarmiento et al., 2002; Jin et al., 2006]. The global mean of 0.097 in the model is ...
... vertical ALK profile close to the observed one. [7] The resulting ratio of organic versus carbonate export flux (rain ratio) across 126-m depth is shown in Figure 1 in comparison with recent observational estimates [Sarmiento et al., 2002; Jin et al., 2006]. The global mean of 0.097 in the model is ...
Clexit members
... Reg was one of the group who established the Australian Landscape Guardians 15 years ago. “My initial interest in the global warming scam arose as a result of the damage being done to our landscapes by wind turbines. I then discovered the damage done to individuals and communities, plus bird and bat ...
... Reg was one of the group who established the Australian Landscape Guardians 15 years ago. “My initial interest in the global warming scam arose as a result of the damage being done to our landscapes by wind turbines. I then discovered the damage done to individuals and communities, plus bird and bat ...
Hadley Cell (HC) Circulation response to Climate
... Hadley circulation was first proposed by Sir George Hadley and Sir Edmund Halley in 1735. When they proposed an explanation for the observed wind patters in the tropics. Hadley circulation is a large scale circulation over the tropics. It consists of the zonally averaged meridional circulation: nort ...
... Hadley circulation was first proposed by Sir George Hadley and Sir Edmund Halley in 1735. When they proposed an explanation for the observed wind patters in the tropics. Hadley circulation is a large scale circulation over the tropics. It consists of the zonally averaged meridional circulation: nort ...
The Effects of Climate Change on Public Health and the Healthcare
... (ENSO) cycle, tropical cyclone intensification, and landfall predication will further enrich modeling capacity” (McMichael, p. 859, 2006). Today’s models have been well validated against recorded data from past decades and indicate that Earth will continue to warm, with ...
... (ENSO) cycle, tropical cyclone intensification, and landfall predication will further enrich modeling capacity” (McMichael, p. 859, 2006). Today’s models have been well validated against recorded data from past decades and indicate that Earth will continue to warm, with ...
Climate change and the groundwater
... the long-term changes in the components of climate such as temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, etc. The major cause of climate change is the rising level of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere such as CO2, CH4, N2O, water vapour, ozone and chlorofluorocarbon. These GHGs absorb 95% ...
... the long-term changes in the components of climate such as temperature, precipitation, evapotranspiration, etc. The major cause of climate change is the rising level of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere such as CO2, CH4, N2O, water vapour, ozone and chlorofluorocarbon. These GHGs absorb 95% ...
Paris: Beyond the Climate Dead End through Pledge and Review?
... targets and timetables, it established a Pledge and Review system, under which states will offer Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to reducing emissions that cause climate change. But this successful negotiation outcome was achieved at the price of vagueness of obligations and substantial ...
... targets and timetables, it established a Pledge and Review system, under which states will offer Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) to reducing emissions that cause climate change. But this successful negotiation outcome was achieved at the price of vagueness of obligations and substantial ...
Will we leave the Great Barrier Reef for our children?
... 2005.28 The current growth in CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels exceeds even the “worst case” IPCC projections.29 Compounding the difficulty of stabilising greenhouse gases and aerosols around 350 ppm CO2-eq to attempt to keep global temperature rises beneath 1°C are the facts that, eve ...
... 2005.28 The current growth in CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels exceeds even the “worst case” IPCC projections.29 Compounding the difficulty of stabilising greenhouse gases and aerosols around 350 ppm CO2-eq to attempt to keep global temperature rises beneath 1°C are the facts that, eve ...
Biogeophysical Effects of Sea Level Rise
... Assessment of the possible impacts of a high sea level rise scenario Implications of future development Possible responses to the problems caused by sea level rise ...
... Assessment of the possible impacts of a high sea level rise scenario Implications of future development Possible responses to the problems caused by sea level rise ...
Svalbard innmat
... The Arctic has over the last 2–3 decades experienced more warming than other regions of the world, and the ice cover has decreased in the order of 10% in the same period. Climate models furthermore indicate that anthropogenic global warming will be enhanced in the northern high latitudes due to comp ...
... The Arctic has over the last 2–3 decades experienced more warming than other regions of the world, and the ice cover has decreased in the order of 10% in the same period. Climate models furthermore indicate that anthropogenic global warming will be enhanced in the northern high latitudes due to comp ...
Cryosphere
... Older sea ice is thicker and more resistant to melt than new ice, so it protects the ice cap from summer melting. In September 1984, 1.86 106 km2 of sea ice was 5 years or older. In September 2016, this area was reduced to 0.110106 km2 (-94%). ...
... Older sea ice is thicker and more resistant to melt than new ice, so it protects the ice cap from summer melting. In September 1984, 1.86 106 km2 of sea ice was 5 years or older. In September 2016, this area was reduced to 0.110106 km2 (-94%). ...
Climate Change and Respiratory Health
... reported as resulting from exposure to excessive heat.”5 This statistic is likely to get worse. If greenhouse gas emissions increase, heat-related deaths in Chicago could increase by as much as 120 percent by 2080.6 If such emissions are not reduced, it has been projected that by 2050, heat waves li ...
... reported as resulting from exposure to excessive heat.”5 This statistic is likely to get worse. If greenhouse gas emissions increase, heat-related deaths in Chicago could increase by as much as 120 percent by 2080.6 If such emissions are not reduced, it has been projected that by 2050, heat waves li ...
Recent changes in freezing level heights in the Tropics with
... temperature measurements at 5680 m on the summit of Quelccaya Ice Cap, the largest ice cap in the Tropics (13° 55.70S, 70° 49.300W). These reveal the frequent occurrence of daily maximum temperatures above freezing during the period from September – May each year (Figure 4, top). (Sensors were venti ...
... temperature measurements at 5680 m on the summit of Quelccaya Ice Cap, the largest ice cap in the Tropics (13° 55.70S, 70° 49.300W). These reveal the frequent occurrence of daily maximum temperatures above freezing during the period from September – May each year (Figure 4, top). (Sensors were venti ...
Some thoughts on a strategy for adaptation to
... measures in principle is very large, given the range of economic, physical, and ecological variables that would be affected by the various aspects of climate change. Conceptually, assessing the costs and benefits of pursuing adaptation measures in response to climate change requires an understanding ...
... measures in principle is very large, given the range of economic, physical, and ecological variables that would be affected by the various aspects of climate change. Conceptually, assessing the costs and benefits of pursuing adaptation measures in response to climate change requires an understanding ...
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... This paper intends to estimate tbe potential impact of climate change on Taiwan's agricultural sector. Yield response regression models are used to investigate the climate change's impact on 60 crops. A price-endogenous mathematical programming model is tben used to simulate tbe welfare impacts of y ...
... This paper intends to estimate tbe potential impact of climate change on Taiwan's agricultural sector. Yield response regression models are used to investigate the climate change's impact on 60 crops. A price-endogenous mathematical programming model is tben used to simulate tbe welfare impacts of y ...
Chapter 14: Climate Phenomena and their Relevance for Future
... Future Regional Climate Change. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex a ...
... Future Regional Climate Change. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex a ...
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... factors: the response function, the size of the agricultural sector, the initial temperature and precipitation, and the climate scenario. The study provides some initial evidence on the impact of climate change in this region, predicting losses in the range of two to sixteen billion dollars (mild & ...
... factors: the response function, the size of the agricultural sector, the initial temperature and precipitation, and the climate scenario. The study provides some initial evidence on the impact of climate change in this region, predicting losses in the range of two to sixteen billion dollars (mild & ...
Climate change as a threat to biodiversity
... that contribute most to the anthropogenic greenhouse effect are carbon dioxide (CO2)4, methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorine compounds (SF6, 2PFCs). Although most of these gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, their recent significant atmospheric accumulation is the result of human activ ...
... that contribute most to the anthropogenic greenhouse effect are carbon dioxide (CO2)4, methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and fluorine compounds (SF6, 2PFCs). Although most of these gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, their recent significant atmospheric accumulation is the result of human activ ...
... covering all relevant aspects from observations, process understanding, to projections from global to regional scale. Chapter 6 will cover the carbon cycle and its interactions with other biogeochemical cycles, in particular the nitrogen cycle, as well as feedbacks on the climate system. Chapter 7 w ...
madagascar`s intended nationally determined contribution
... around existing or future strategic documents (among which the National Adaptation Plan). They will particularly emphasise participatory and inclusive process of all stakeholders, with a strong leadership from the Ministry of Environment, Ecology, the Sea and Forests, which is lead coordinating enti ...
... around existing or future strategic documents (among which the National Adaptation Plan). They will particularly emphasise participatory and inclusive process of all stakeholders, with a strong leadership from the Ministry of Environment, Ecology, the Sea and Forests, which is lead coordinating enti ...
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... At the global level, mot economic valuations have focussed on the impacts of climate change in food security (Gregory et al., 2005; Parry et al., 2004; Parry et al, 2001 Several types of economic approaches have been used for agricultural impact assessment in order to estimate the potential impacts ...
... At the global level, mot economic valuations have focussed on the impacts of climate change in food security (Gregory et al., 2005; Parry et al., 2004; Parry et al, 2001 Several types of economic approaches have been used for agricultural impact assessment in order to estimate the potential impacts ...
How do carbon cycle uncertainties affect IPCC temperature
... These ‘ensembles of opportunity’ do not necessarily represent the full range of potential model uncertainty, as there remain issues of model independence, limited validation and so forth (for a more detailed discussion refer Tebaldi and Knutti, 2007). In this article, we explore how carbon cycle unc ...
... These ‘ensembles of opportunity’ do not necessarily represent the full range of potential model uncertainty, as there remain issues of model independence, limited validation and so forth (for a more detailed discussion refer Tebaldi and Knutti, 2007). In this article, we explore how carbon cycle unc ...
Measuring the economic impact of climate change on
... reduction in rainfall from the current levels. The impacts of climate change (changes in the dependent variable net revenue per hectare) were simulated using the estimated model for each of the 300 districts for the 1993 year. Additionally, in the study we explored if moving from rain-fed to irrigat ...
... reduction in rainfall from the current levels. The impacts of climate change (changes in the dependent variable net revenue per hectare) were simulated using the estimated model for each of the 300 districts for the 1993 year. Additionally, in the study we explored if moving from rain-fed to irrigat ...
Ch 18 Global Climate Change
... Synopsis of global climate change • In 2007, scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) sifted through thousands of studies and published the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) • The report concluded that warming of the climate is unequivocal • The atmosphere and oceans are wa ...
... Synopsis of global climate change • In 2007, scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) sifted through thousands of studies and published the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) • The report concluded that warming of the climate is unequivocal • The atmosphere and oceans are wa ...
18_Lecture_Presentation
... Synopsis of global climate change • In 2007, scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) sifted through thousands of studies and published the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) • The report concluded that warming of the climate is unequivocal • The atmosphere and oceans are wa ...
... Synopsis of global climate change • In 2007, scientists from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) sifted through thousands of studies and published the Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) • The report concluded that warming of the climate is unequivocal • The atmosphere and oceans are wa ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.