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... The Challenge of Cities and Climate Change Climate change is among the most pressing challenges that the world faces today. Given current atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs), the world is already committed to significant warming. This is a serious challenge, given the wide range of ...
... The Challenge of Cities and Climate Change Climate change is among the most pressing challenges that the world faces today. Given current atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs), the world is already committed to significant warming. This is a serious challenge, given the wide range of ...
Mid-Holocene monsoons - Macquarie University ResearchOnline
... Braconnot et al. 2007) it is important to check whether these results are representative of all the PMIP climate models. Unfortunately, the atmospheric component of each of the coupled models used in PMIP2 is different from the atmospheric-only version of that model used in PMIP1 and none of the PMI ...
... Braconnot et al. 2007) it is important to check whether these results are representative of all the PMIP climate models. Unfortunately, the atmospheric component of each of the coupled models used in PMIP2 is different from the atmospheric-only version of that model used in PMIP1 and none of the PMI ...
The key role of heavy precipitation events in climate
... of changes in the incidence of rare heavy (> 60 mm/day) daily precipitation events ...
... of changes in the incidence of rare heavy (> 60 mm/day) daily precipitation events ...
Finland`s Fifth National Communication under the
... sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 6.2.3 Impacts on nature and natural resources, and the related adaptation measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 6.2.4 Impacts on industries, infrastructure and human w ...
... sector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 6.2.3 Impacts on nature and natural resources, and the related adaptation measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 6.2.4 Impacts on industries, infrastructure and human w ...
Why is socially-just climate change adaptation in sub
... beyond the capacity of actors, or biophysically impossible (e.g., such as temperature thresholds for crops or sea level rise), these barriers could present as limits or absolute obstacles. Similarly, complex combinations of social, biophysical, economic, and political barriers acting together across ...
... beyond the capacity of actors, or biophysically impossible (e.g., such as temperature thresholds for crops or sea level rise), these barriers could present as limits or absolute obstacles. Similarly, complex combinations of social, biophysical, economic, and political barriers acting together across ...
Climate Futures for Tasmania: impacts on agriculture
... regions except for a slight increase in the north‑west and a slight decrease in the east and south‑east. Rainfall projections for the agricultural regions indicate little change in mean annual rainfall but with some changes in seasonality ‑ in particular, reductions in summer rainfall in the far nor ...
... regions except for a slight increase in the north‑west and a slight decrease in the east and south‑east. Rainfall projections for the agricultural regions indicate little change in mean annual rainfall but with some changes in seasonality ‑ in particular, reductions in summer rainfall in the far nor ...
Drivers of the tropospheric ozone budget throughout the 21st
... Pathway (RCP) 6.0 (a medium-high, and reasonably realistic climate scenario). Changes in ozone precursor emissions have the largest effect, leading to a global-mean increase in tropospheric ozone which maximizes in the early 21st century at 23 % compared to 1960. The increase is most pronounced at n ...
... Pathway (RCP) 6.0 (a medium-high, and reasonably realistic climate scenario). Changes in ozone precursor emissions have the largest effect, leading to a global-mean increase in tropospheric ozone which maximizes in the early 21st century at 23 % compared to 1960. The increase is most pronounced at n ...
Assessing the Consequences of Climate Change for Alaska and the
... Marine fisheries are very vulnerable to climate change. Most of the research to date on the relationship between climate change and fisheries focuses specifically on how climate change may affect marine ecosystems and in turn abundance and harvests of specific marine species. This paper focuses on t ...
... Marine fisheries are very vulnerable to climate change. Most of the research to date on the relationship between climate change and fisheries focuses specifically on how climate change may affect marine ecosystems and in turn abundance and harvests of specific marine species. This paper focuses on t ...
Freshwater Ecosystems and Fisheries
... impacts of changes in climate and UV radiation levels is greatly hampered by the rudimentary level of understanding of arctic freshwater hydrology and ecology and their direct and indirect linkages, responses, and feedbacks to present and future climate. Moreover, the coarse spatial resolution of ge ...
... impacts of changes in climate and UV radiation levels is greatly hampered by the rudimentary level of understanding of arctic freshwater hydrology and ecology and their direct and indirect linkages, responses, and feedbacks to present and future climate. Moreover, the coarse spatial resolution of ge ...
The rise and fall of the kyoto protocol: climate change as a political
... Title: The Rise and Fall of the Kyoto Protocol – Climate Change as a political process Abstract: This research focuses on climate change as a political process: it describes the Kyoto Protocol, its origins and ratification process in the international climate-diplomatic arena, as well as the climate ...
... Title: The Rise and Fall of the Kyoto Protocol – Climate Change as a political process Abstract: This research focuses on climate change as a political process: it describes the Kyoto Protocol, its origins and ratification process in the international climate-diplomatic arena, as well as the climate ...
Economic Analysis of Climate-Proofing Investment Projects
... By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3 ...
... By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area, or by using the term “country” in this document, ADB does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3 ...
Climate change adaptation in Norway
... Climate change is already happening: environmental change is being observed on all continents and in all the major oceans. The climatic changes that have been observed over the past 150 years cannot be explained unless anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are taken into account. The combustion of ...
... Climate change is already happening: environmental change is being observed on all continents and in all the major oceans. The climatic changes that have been observed over the past 150 years cannot be explained unless anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are taken into account. The combustion of ...
PDF (Author`s version)
... Abstract: Small woodland streams make the majority of water courses in most watersheds. Litter decomposition is a key ecosystem process in these shaded streams, and its response to warming can have profound consequences for food webs and the carbon (C) cycle. However, these responses can be modulate ...
... Abstract: Small woodland streams make the majority of water courses in most watersheds. Litter decomposition is a key ecosystem process in these shaded streams, and its response to warming can have profound consequences for food webs and the carbon (C) cycle. However, these responses can be modulate ...
PDF - IPCC Working Group II
... World Bank and ESMAP Studies are published to communicate the results of the Bank’s work to the development community with the least possible delay. The manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formally-edited texts. Some sources cited ...
... World Bank and ESMAP Studies are published to communicate the results of the Bank’s work to the development community with the least possible delay. The manuscript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formally-edited texts. Some sources cited ...
climate change, migration and human security in southeast asia
... A. Morton, P. Boncour & F. Laczko, “Human Security Policy Challenges”, Forced Migration Review, No. 31 (2008), p. 5. United Nations General Assembly, “Statement by the President of the 62nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly at the Thematic Debate on Climate Change and the Most Vulnerabl ...
... A. Morton, P. Boncour & F. Laczko, “Human Security Policy Challenges”, Forced Migration Review, No. 31 (2008), p. 5. United Nations General Assembly, “Statement by the President of the 62nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly at the Thematic Debate on Climate Change and the Most Vulnerabl ...
Asia Glacier Melt Project: Expert Summary of Science regarding
... always make direct comparisons and extrapolations from the well-studied lower elevation glaciers to the more poorly observed higher elevations of the Himalaya. 1.2 Glacier terminus fluctuation measurements Perhaps the simplest method to monitor mountain glacier change is by recording the annual loca ...
... always make direct comparisons and extrapolations from the well-studied lower elevation glaciers to the more poorly observed higher elevations of the Himalaya. 1.2 Glacier terminus fluctuation measurements Perhaps the simplest method to monitor mountain glacier change is by recording the annual loca ...
14. impacts on the tourism sector
... In Spain, the coastal tourism area has been very important since the beginning of mass tourism, and it must be kept in mind that the coast is the environment that houses the biggest offer and the biggest movement of tourists, and which therefore shows the greatest effects of the transformation and r ...
... In Spain, the coastal tourism area has been very important since the beginning of mass tourism, and it must be kept in mind that the coast is the environment that houses the biggest offer and the biggest movement of tourists, and which therefore shows the greatest effects of the transformation and r ...
Experiment Earth?
... How reversible is it? Because participants were keen to ensure scientists retained control of the effects of geoengineering, they wanted to make sure that effects of research and deployment could be reversed if necessary. They called for research to progress in small stages, to reduce the likelihood ...
... How reversible is it? Because participants were keen to ensure scientists retained control of the effects of geoengineering, they wanted to make sure that effects of research and deployment could be reversed if necessary. They called for research to progress in small stages, to reduce the likelihood ...
Climate Change in the Northwest: Implications for Our Landscapes
... private industry, state and local governments, non-governmental organizations, professional societies, and impacted communities, with the intent of producing a better informed and more useful report. In particular, the eight NCA regions, as well as the Coastal and the Ocean biogeographical regions, ...
... private industry, state and local governments, non-governmental organizations, professional societies, and impacted communities, with the intent of producing a better informed and more useful report. In particular, the eight NCA regions, as well as the Coastal and the Ocean biogeographical regions, ...
Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. (2010) Adapting Institutions to Climate Change, Twenty-eighth report
... Recent legislation and government policy does indeed require adaptation to climate change to be addressed, but little detailed attention has been given to the central issue of this study, which focuses on capabilities of institutions – on the organisations and the institutional frameworks which regu ...
... Recent legislation and government policy does indeed require adaptation to climate change to be addressed, but little detailed attention has been given to the central issue of this study, which focuses on capabilities of institutions – on the organisations and the institutional frameworks which regu ...
Pacific Island Mangroves in a Changing Climate and Rising Sea
... sensitive to sea level rise (photo by J. Ellison). increases in sea level and other climate change effects. Many of the low islands do not exceed 4 m above current mean sea level, and even on islands with higher grounds, most development is located on narrow coastal plains. The small land mass, high ...
... sensitive to sea level rise (photo by J. Ellison). increases in sea level and other climate change effects. Many of the low islands do not exceed 4 m above current mean sea level, and even on islands with higher grounds, most development is located on narrow coastal plains. The small land mass, high ...
Estimation of the direct radiative forcing due to sulfate and soot
... depth in two different ways: (i) through increase in the size of the particles which reduce the specific extinction coefficient, and (ii) through increase in the mass of water, which dominates over (i). The asymmetry factor increases with increasing relative humidity. This means that the larger part ...
... depth in two different ways: (i) through increase in the size of the particles which reduce the specific extinction coefficient, and (ii) through increase in the mass of water, which dominates over (i). The asymmetry factor increases with increasing relative humidity. This means that the larger part ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.