Estimation of the direct radiative forcing due to sulfate and soot
... depth in two different ways: (i) through increase in the size of the particles which reduce the specific extinction coefficient, and (ii) through increase in the mass of water, which dominates over (i). The asymmetry factor increases with increasing relative humidity. This means that the larger part ...
... depth in two different ways: (i) through increase in the size of the particles which reduce the specific extinction coefficient, and (ii) through increase in the mass of water, which dominates over (i). The asymmetry factor increases with increasing relative humidity. This means that the larger part ...
Standard front page for projects, subject module projects
... The 1990s was a particular decade in which the issue of climate change received an immense political attention for the first time at the global level. In 1992, the Framework Convention on Climate Change was signed at the Rio Earth Summit addressing the urgent need to change the behavioral patterns t ...
... The 1990s was a particular decade in which the issue of climate change received an immense political attention for the first time at the global level. In 1992, the Framework Convention on Climate Change was signed at the Rio Earth Summit addressing the urgent need to change the behavioral patterns t ...
Setting Australia`s post-2020 target for reducing greenhouse gas
... most other developed countries (around 1.5 per cent a year, compared to the OECD average of 0.4 per cent). This will push up our emissions. Electricity generation contributes one third of our emissions. With an abundant endowment of cheap, accessible coal, we rely more heavily than other developed c ...
... most other developed countries (around 1.5 per cent a year, compared to the OECD average of 0.4 per cent). This will push up our emissions. Electricity generation contributes one third of our emissions. With an abundant endowment of cheap, accessible coal, we rely more heavily than other developed c ...
It Depends Which Way the Wind Blows
... Aboriginal and Torres Strait people have the care and control of over 20% of the land in Australia and this link is recognised internationally. Engagement with the first nation peoples over the policies and directions of climate change initiatives needs to be a focus of national and state programs. ...
... Aboriginal and Torres Strait people have the care and control of over 20% of the land in Australia and this link is recognised internationally. Engagement with the first nation peoples over the policies and directions of climate change initiatives needs to be a focus of national and state programs. ...
Coastal Ecosystems Responses to Climate Change
... level) have changed over the last century and are projected to change over the next century under the current projected climate change scenarios. These changes vary regionally around the coastline as well as seasonally in many cases. With respect to the terrestrial climate, mean annual air temperatu ...
... level) have changed over the last century and are projected to change over the next century under the current projected climate change scenarios. These changes vary regionally around the coastline as well as seasonally in many cases. With respect to the terrestrial climate, mean annual air temperatu ...
C IESM Workshop Monographs Climate warming and related changes in
... The Workshop took place from 27 to 31 May 2008 at the historical Biologische Anstalt (BAH) on the Island of Helgoland, Germany. Scientists from nine countries (see list at the end of this volume) attended this exploratory meeting at the invitation of CIESM. After welcoming the participants, Prof. Fr ...
... The Workshop took place from 27 to 31 May 2008 at the historical Biologische Anstalt (BAH) on the Island of Helgoland, Germany. Scientists from nine countries (see list at the end of this volume) attended this exploratory meeting at the invitation of CIESM. After welcoming the participants, Prof. Fr ...
PDF
... climate change is a growing threat to the continuous provision of these services (IPCC, 2007a). The implications of this global challenge to the sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture and the livelihoods and economies that depend on them have been receiving increasing attention. It is now recog ...
... climate change is a growing threat to the continuous provision of these services (IPCC, 2007a). The implications of this global challenge to the sustainability of fisheries and aquaculture and the livelihoods and economies that depend on them have been receiving increasing attention. It is now recog ...
Assessing and Enhancing Adaptive Capacity
... response to shifts in climatic zones will also be limited by the growth rates of their constituent flora; rapid shifts in climatic zones may exceed rates at which such systems can migrate in response to an expansion of favourable climatic conditions. Adaptation in ecosystems may be promoted by human ...
... response to shifts in climatic zones will also be limited by the growth rates of their constituent flora; rapid shifts in climatic zones may exceed rates at which such systems can migrate in response to an expansion of favourable climatic conditions. Adaptation in ecosystems may be promoted by human ...
ABSTRACT
... and drier climate patterns over tropical land associated with El Niño. The combined affect of these forcings causes substantial carbon flux into the atmosphere. A unique ...
... and drier climate patterns over tropical land associated with El Niño. The combined affect of these forcings causes substantial carbon flux into the atmosphere. A unique ...
Abrupt climate change as an important agent of ecological change... Northeast U.S. throughout the past 15,000 years
... The application of these results to ecology and conservation can be enhanced, however, by increasing knowledge about the processes involved in the vegetation response to abrupt and short-lived (100–500 yr) climate changes. The northeastern U.S. is an ideal location for examining the possible effects ...
... The application of these results to ecology and conservation can be enhanced, however, by increasing knowledge about the processes involved in the vegetation response to abrupt and short-lived (100–500 yr) climate changes. The northeastern U.S. is an ideal location for examining the possible effects ...
CDM in Crisis – What is at Stake?
... provided capital to clean energy projects. In the majority of cases, debt funding for CDM projects has come from lending institutions in emerging markets (Michaelowa, 2012). The CDM has unlocked large amounts of emerging market capital and these banks have increased their experience in clean energy ...
... provided capital to clean energy projects. In the majority of cases, debt funding for CDM projects has come from lending institutions in emerging markets (Michaelowa, 2012). The CDM has unlocked large amounts of emerging market capital and these banks have increased their experience in clean energy ...
Equator Principles and Climate Change Issues
... I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ...
... I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ...
Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation
... a high-latitude country, warming in Canada would likely be more pronounced (Figure 1). Temperature increases would vary across the country, with certain regions including the North and the southern and central Prairies warming more than others. Warming is also projected to vary on a seasonal basis, ...
... a high-latitude country, warming in Canada would likely be more pronounced (Figure 1). Temperature increases would vary across the country, with certain regions including the North and the southern and central Prairies warming more than others. Warming is also projected to vary on a seasonal basis, ...
http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/i0994e/i0994e.pdf
... migration patterns due to changes in timing of fishing activities. Reduced livelihood options inside and outside the fishery sector will force occupational changes and may increase social pressures. Livelihood diversification is an established means of risk transfer and reduction in the face of shoc ...
... migration patterns due to changes in timing of fishing activities. Reduced livelihood options inside and outside the fishery sector will force occupational changes and may increase social pressures. Livelihood diversification is an established means of risk transfer and reduction in the face of shoc ...
Influence of dynamic vegetation on climate change and terrestrial
... This is mainly caused by the increase of land surface albedo due to the expansion of tundra in northern high latitudes and the desertification in northern middle latitudes around 30◦ N to 60◦ N. We also investigated how this change in climate affected the total terrestrial carbon storage by using of ...
... This is mainly caused by the increase of land surface albedo due to the expansion of tundra in northern high latitudes and the desertification in northern middle latitudes around 30◦ N to 60◦ N. We also investigated how this change in climate affected the total terrestrial carbon storage by using of ...
The Fifth Carbon Budget - Committee on Climate Change
... public finances, energy policy, technological progress, international and EU circumstances, scientific knowledge about climate change and the differences between the devolved administrations – that must be balanced to determine how best to reduce emissions to the level required by 2050. To date, in ...
... public finances, energy policy, technological progress, international and EU circumstances, scientific knowledge about climate change and the differences between the devolved administrations – that must be balanced to determine how best to reduce emissions to the level required by 2050. To date, in ...
Establishing a Climate Change Department in
... Between 2001 and 2010, on an average, Jamaica has been affected by a disaster event per year. Such disasters not only reveal underlying social, economic and developmental vulnerabilities, they contribute to worsening them. It is the marginalized members of the population, including women and girls t ...
... Between 2001 and 2010, on an average, Jamaica has been affected by a disaster event per year. Such disasters not only reveal underlying social, economic and developmental vulnerabilities, they contribute to worsening them. It is the marginalized members of the population, including women and girls t ...
BASE Evaluation Criteria for Climate Adaptation (BECCA)
... systems more resilient to uncertainties and climate impacts. (Example for measurement: To what extent does the implementation of options result in synergies or conflicts with other adaptation options?) ...
... systems more resilient to uncertainties and climate impacts. (Example for measurement: To what extent does the implementation of options result in synergies or conflicts with other adaptation options?) ...
DownloadTéléchargez - Canadian Institute of Planners
... Facilitating improved transportation networks with options that both reduce urban traffic congestion and support greener modes of transportation (public transportation, van and bus transportation, cycling, walking, etc.); ...
... Facilitating improved transportation networks with options that both reduce urban traffic congestion and support greener modes of transportation (public transportation, van and bus transportation, cycling, walking, etc.); ...
Application of environmentally sound technologies for adaptation to
... reflecting the predominant political interest and the state of knowledge at the time. Much has changed in the time since that initial paper, reflecting the increasing attention of the Conference of the Parties (COP) on the urgent need for adaptation activities. ...
... reflecting the predominant political interest and the state of knowledge at the time. Much has changed in the time since that initial paper, reflecting the increasing attention of the Conference of the Parties (COP) on the urgent need for adaptation activities. ...
Climate change implications for fisheries and aquaculture
... migration patterns due to changes in timing of fishing activities. Reduced livelihood options inside and outside the fishery sector will force occupational changes and may increase social pressures. Livelihood diversification is an established means of risk transfer and reduction in the face of shoc ...
... migration patterns due to changes in timing of fishing activities. Reduced livelihood options inside and outside the fishery sector will force occupational changes and may increase social pressures. Livelihood diversification is an established means of risk transfer and reduction in the face of shoc ...
Trends in Intense Precipitation in the Climate Record
... probability of heavy precipitation over the world using all available daily data. Easterling et al. (2000c) summarized these efforts. Thereafter, a number of regional studies have now become available (e.g., Stone et al. 2000; Zhang et al. 2001; Frei and Schär 2001; Alpert et al. 2002; Frich et al. ...
... probability of heavy precipitation over the world using all available daily data. Easterling et al. (2000c) summarized these efforts. Thereafter, a number of regional studies have now become available (e.g., Stone et al. 2000; Zhang et al. 2001; Frei and Schär 2001; Alpert et al. 2002; Frich et al. ...
Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change
... (EACC) study has been a large, multiyear undertaking managed by a core team of the World Bank’s Environment Department led by Sergio Margulis (Task Team Leader) and comprising Urvashi Narain, Kiran Pandey, Laurent Cretegny, Ana Bucher, Robert Schneider, Gordon Hughes, and Timothy Essam. Robin Mearns ...
... (EACC) study has been a large, multiyear undertaking managed by a core team of the World Bank’s Environment Department led by Sergio Margulis (Task Team Leader) and comprising Urvashi Narain, Kiran Pandey, Laurent Cretegny, Ana Bucher, Robert Schneider, Gordon Hughes, and Timothy Essam. Robin Mearns ...
Global warming
Global warming and climate change are terms for the observed century-scale rise in the average temperature of the Earth's climate system and its related effects.Multiple lines of scientific evidence show that the climate system is warming. Although the increase of near-surface atmospheric temperature is the measure of global warming often reported in the popular press, most of the additional energy stored in the climate system since 1970 has gone into ocean warming. The remainder has melted ice, and warmed the continents and atmosphere. Many of the observed changes since the 1950s are unprecedented over decades to millennia.Scientific understanding of global warming is increasing. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported in 2014 that scientists were more than 95% certain that most of global warming is caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases and other human (anthropogenic) activities. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) for their lowest emissions scenario using stringent mitigation and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) for their highest. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations.Future climate change and associated impacts will differ from region to region around the globe. Anticipated effects include warming global temperature, rising sea levels, changing precipitation, and expansion of deserts in the subtropics. Warming is expected to be greatest in the Arctic, with the continuing retreat of glaciers, permafrost and sea ice. Other likely changes include more frequent extreme weather events including heat waves, droughts, heavy rainfall, and heavy snowfall; ocean acidification; and species extinctions due to shifting temperature regimes. Effects significant to humans include the threat to food security from decreasing crop yields and the abandonment of populated areas due to flooding.Possible societal responses to global warming include mitigation by emissions reduction, adaptation to its effects, building systems resilient to its effects, and possible future climate engineering. Most countries are parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),whose ultimate objective is to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change. The UNFCCC have adopted a range of policies designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to assist in adaptation to global warming. Parties to the UNFCCC have agreed that deep cuts in emissions are required, and that future global warming should be limited to below 2.0 °C (3.6 °F) relative to the pre-industrial level.