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The Evidence of the Senses
The Evidence of the Senses

... The point of the disjunctive conception is that if one undergoes an experience that belongs on the ‘good’ side of the disjunction, that warrants one in believing—indeed presents one with an opportunity to know—that things are as the experience reveals them as being. When one’s perceptual faculties ‘ ...
Englightenment in Philosophy and Religion
Englightenment in Philosophy and Religion

... university education is deeply indebted to Kant’s insights. We have taught you from your first day on campus to think for yourselves, to ask challenging questions, to follow the answers wherever they might lead you, to be unafraid in your pursuit of knowledge and wisdom. These are all noble and wort ...
Donald Davidson, Subjective, Intersubjective, Objective
Donald Davidson, Subjective, Intersubjective, Objective

... to evidence, at an intermediate stage, in the form of hold true attitudes (beliefs that sentences are true). Correlations of hold true attitudes with conditions in the environment provide tentative assignments of truth conditions which interpret the sentences held true (this is the operation of the ...
Treatise of Human Nature Book III: Morals
Treatise of Human Nature Book III: Morals

... contrary to truth and reason: notice first that our actions may cause judgments in others, but never in ourselves. It often happens that an action gives rise to false conclusions in others. Someone who sees me through a window behaving in a lewd way with my neighbour’s wife may imagine she is my wif ...
The Poetics of Philosophy [A Reading of Plato]
The Poetics of Philosophy [A Reading of Plato]

... To state the parameters of our argument, I shall say with what I agree and disagree. I agree with Bloom and Nietzsche calling music ‘the soul’s primitive and primary speech’ while disagree that it is ‘hostile to reason.’ Certainly, music is other to reason. What is other is not necessarily hostile, ...
Introduction: Varieties of Disjunctivism
Introduction: Varieties of Disjunctivism

... and Martin serve to exemplify three distinct varieties of disjunctivism. It is not unusual, and not always unjustified, to speak of a position called ‘disjunctivism’, and to refer to each of the philosophers mentioned above as its advocates. But doing so carries the danger of eliding important diffe ...
Human Nature and the Transcendent
Human Nature and the Transcendent

... Unlike  all  the  other  animals,  who  need  nothing  further  for  their  thriving  and  flourishing  once   the  appropriate  environmental  conditions  are  provided,  human  beings,  even  when  all  their   needs  are  catered  for ...
Dialectic and Dialogue in Plato: Revisiting the Image of "Socrates
Dialectic and Dialogue in Plato: Revisiting the Image of "Socrates

... Charmides, and Laches are more “negative” in their truth-function, but no less educative for that fact, for they two, according to certain scholars, are able to produce results in the form of true and valid propositions. These “aporetic” dialogues take the form of the elenchus, wherein the process o ...
School of Distance Education
School of Distance Education

... of science, therefore, is to arrive at the absolute truth by criticism and the natural world is the most appropriate object of study in such a context. Natural Sciences is the study of the external, natural world. The natural sciences acquire knowledge through direct observation of phenomena. By inv ...
METHODOLOGY OF HUMANITIES BA ENGLISH
METHODOLOGY OF HUMANITIES BA ENGLISH

... of science, therefore, is to arrive at the absolute truth by criticism and the natural world is the most appropriate object of study in such a context. Natural Sciences is the study of the external, natural world. The natural sciences acquire knowledge through direct observation of phenomena. By inv ...
Heraclitus - The Spiritual Naturalist Society
Heraclitus - The Spiritual Naturalist Society

... A Point of Divergence: On Justice and Action As mentioned, Heraclitus described that all things come about through the conflict or tension of opposites, or strife (more broadly conceived than the connotation of 'strife' to us). Like the tension between the lyre and the string, this is what allows f ...
A Critique of Descartes` Mind-Body Dualism
A Critique of Descartes` Mind-Body Dualism

... substance, (mind), which has thinking as its essence and material substance (body), with extension as its essence. Mind and body are therefore, two kinds of substance, each of which is distinctly different, and can exist independent of each other. With Descartes’ establishment of his soul or mind as ...
The semantic development of virtue
The semantic development of virtue

... Happiness is a multifaceted and ambiguous term. Everyone looks for it but few manage to cultivate it unless some external prerequisites are met. Happiness can be described as a mental state where one experiences joy and a feeling of contentment in the moment. But the state of being happy and peacefu ...
A Tension in Pragmatist and Neo
A Tension in Pragmatist and Neo

... their presence in the places where I have met them.I know the color blue when I see it, and the flavor of a pear when I taste it...but about the inner nature of these facts or what makes them what they are, I can say nothing at all. I cannot impart acquaintance with them to anyone who has not alread ...
T - Philosophy at Hertford College
T - Philosophy at Hertford College

... to their perfect identity, and makes us regard the first impression as annihilated, and the second as newly created, we find ourselves somewhat at a loss, and are involv’d in a kind of contradiction. In order to free ourselves from this difficulty, we disguise, as much as possible, the interruption, ...
VIRTUE IS KNOWLEDGE, MCDOWELL AND ARISTOTLE
VIRTUE IS KNOWLEDGE, MCDOWELL AND ARISTOTLE

... yield at most part of a reason for acting; something appetitive is needed as well. To talk of virtue— as consisting in a sensitivity, a perceived capacity, is to amalgamate the required component into the putative sensitivity. But all that is achieved thereby is a projection of human purposes into t ...
analysis of knowledge, assertion, verification
analysis of knowledge, assertion, verification

... concepts, but I am very sceptical of this, since they are both propositional attitudes, belong to the same linguistic category. On the other hand, one could maintain that knowledge and assertion are concepts of the same linguistic category, a view that I agree with, since they both aim to the truth ...
3. Hume - CSUN.edu
3. Hume - CSUN.edu

... 1. Hume took seriously his theory that our ideas are mere copies of impressions. These impressions are internal subjective states and are not clear proof of an external reality. Consequently, there can be no proof of a world outside of our minds: “Let us chase our imagination to the heavens, or to t ...
naturalistic theory
naturalistic theory

... with evolution. One of the main things they [intelligent design creationists] have learned is what not to say. A major element of their strategy is to advance a form of creation that not only omits any explicit mention of Genesis but is also usually vague, if not mute, about any of the specific clai ...
The Problem of Substance in Metaphysics
The Problem of Substance in Metaphysics

... substance is God, since it is only God that requires no other being than himself to exist. Whatever name Descartes gives to the three kinds of substances postulated by Descartes, Spinoza argues that they are all the same names for God. The totality of reality, he observes have two attributes: matter ...
File
File

... throne. When his mother, Queen Maya, was close to giving birth she left the place and traveled with her procession of assistants to the home of her parents. There she was to give birth which was customary to do in India and is still a tradition widely practiced still, today in India. On her way she ...
Treatise of Human Nature Book III: Morals
Treatise of Human Nature Book III: Morals

... One might think there was no need to argue for this point if it weren’t for the fact that a late author who was fortunate enough to obtain some reputation seriously claimed that such a falsehood is indeed the foundation of all guilt and moral ugliness. [This was William Wollaston, who died about 15 ...
Contradiction In Madhyamaka Buddhist Argumentation
Contradiction In Madhyamaka Buddhist Argumentation

... championed in my own work. But I have also long been interested in showing that the Buddhist philosophical tradition and the Western tradition may have important things to say to one another. The doctrine of emptiness is, I think, a case in point. The position known as semantic anti-realism, develo ...
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)

... We are impelled to act in certain ways as a result of deliberation, as a result of thinking about our behaviour and its consequences. We now use the word ought as a new element. We ought to do what there are the weightiest reasons for doing. In Aquinas’s moral philosophy, human goodness depends on p ...
L. Notes - School of Computing
L. Notes - School of Computing

... believed that the moral principle could be summed up in what he called the Categorical Imperative. He had two formulations of this Imperative: 1) "Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law" (this is very close to the Golden Rule of ...
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Rationalism

In epistemology, rationalism is the view that ""regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge"" or ""any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification"". More formally, rationalism is defined as a methodology or a theory ""in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive"". Rationalists believe reality has an intrinsically logical structure. Because of this, rationalists argue that certain truths exist and that the intellect can directly grasp these truths. That is to say, rationalists assert that certain rational principles exist in logic, mathematics, ethics, and metaphysics that are so fundamentally true that denying them causes one to fall into contradiction. Rationalists have such a high confidence in reason that empirical proof and physical evidence are unnecessary to ascertain truth – in other words, ""there are significant ways in which our concepts and knowledge are gained independently of sense experience"". Because of this belief, empiricism is one of rationalism's greatest rivals.Different degrees of emphasis on this method or theory lead to a range of rationalist standpoints, from the moderate position ""that reason has precedence over other ways of acquiring knowledge"" to the more extreme position that reason is ""the unique path to knowledge"". Given a pre-modern understanding of reason, rationalism is identical to philosophy, the Socratic life of inquiry, or the zetetic (skeptical) clear interpretation of authority (open to the underlying or essential cause of things as they appear to our sense of certainty). In recent decades, Leo Strauss sought to revive ""Classical Political Rationalism"" as a discipline that understands the task of reasoning, not as foundational, but as maieutic. Rationalism should not be confused with rationality, nor with rationalization.In politics, Rationalism, since the Enlightenment, historically emphasized a ""politics of reason"" centered upon rational choice, utilitarianism, secularism, and irreligion – the latter aspect's antitheism later ameliorated by utilitarian adoption of pluralistic rationalist methods practicable regardless of religious or irreligious ideology.In this regard, the philosopher John Cottingham noted how rationalism, a methodology, became socially conflated with atheism, a worldview: In the past, particularly in the 17th and 18th centuries, the term 'rationalist' was often used to refer to free thinkers of an anti-clerical and anti-religious outlook, and for a time the word acquired a distinctly pejorative force (thus in 1670 Sanderson spoke disparagingly of 'a mere rationalist, that is to say in plain English an atheist of the late edition...'). The use of the label 'rationalist' to characterize a world outlook which has no place for the supernatural is becoming less popular today; terms like 'humanist' or 'materialist' seem largely to have taken its place. But the old usage still survives.
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