The treatment of risk and uncertainty in the US Social Cost of Carbon for Regulatory Impact Analysis: Working Paper 54 (332 kB) (opens in new window)
... change in consumption. It is very well known that such models, called ‘integrated assessment models’, face huge uncertainties. To its credit, the Interagency Working Group appears to have been well aware of the issue of uncertainty. First, it chose to use the three most prominent integrated assessme ...
... change in consumption. It is very well known that such models, called ‘integrated assessment models’, face huge uncertainties. To its credit, the Interagency Working Group appears to have been well aware of the issue of uncertainty. First, it chose to use the three most prominent integrated assessme ...
The Artificial Intelligence of Geoengineering
... as a 20-watt light bulb. The supercomputer needs 200,000 watts4 and has the creative capacity of a doorstop. Although science knows a great deal more about AI and brain mapping than back in the 1950s, we are a long way from modeling our minds. Science hasn’t fared much better with that other paragon ...
... as a 20-watt light bulb. The supercomputer needs 200,000 watts4 and has the creative capacity of a doorstop. Although science knows a great deal more about AI and brain mapping than back in the 1950s, we are a long way from modeling our minds. Science hasn’t fared much better with that other paragon ...
Climate change: The Need to Consider Human Forcings in Addition to by
... global average surface temperature as the icon to use to communicate the magnitude of global warming. If this deeper ocean heating actually exists in the real world, it is not observable in the ocean and land surface temperatures. To monitor global warming, we need to keep track of the changes in Jo ...
... global average surface temperature as the icon to use to communicate the magnitude of global warming. If this deeper ocean heating actually exists in the real world, it is not observable in the ocean and land surface temperatures. To monitor global warming, we need to keep track of the changes in Jo ...
Weather/Climate Prediction - Institute for Mathematical Sciences
... Weather prediction started at the beginning of human civilization. The early weather predictions were primarily based on experience through long-term observations. However, they were especially important in serving the needs of early human agricultural activities, which were highly dependent on the ...
... Weather prediction started at the beginning of human civilization. The early weather predictions were primarily based on experience through long-term observations. However, they were especially important in serving the needs of early human agricultural activities, which were highly dependent on the ...
Fluorocarbons And The greenhouse Effect
... refrigeration, and if the "indirect" impact were ignored /8/. Refrigerating and air-conditioning plants run on electricity, gasoline or diesel (e.g., in vehicle air-conditioning and refrigerated transport), or even natural gas (in some heat pumps). In plants running on electricity (the most common t ...
... refrigeration, and if the "indirect" impact were ignored /8/. Refrigerating and air-conditioning plants run on electricity, gasoline or diesel (e.g., in vehicle air-conditioning and refrigerated transport), or even natural gas (in some heat pumps). In plants running on electricity (the most common t ...
Content Analysis - University of Wisconsin
... of certain traits, categories, or meanings – Analysis can relate the occurrence of coded content with other factors, such as features of the producer, effects on the receiver, etc. – Applied to the study of books, magazines, ...
... of certain traits, categories, or meanings – Analysis can relate the occurrence of coded content with other factors, such as features of the producer, effects on the receiver, etc. – Applied to the study of books, magazines, ...
OVERVIEW OF CLIMATE SCIENCE
... • Typical of tectonic scales of climate change – Climate changes in response to movement of landmasses • 1 degree of latitude per million years (100 km/million years) • Slow changes in solar heating • Average temperature over the continent keeps pace with average changes in solar radiation because o ...
... • Typical of tectonic scales of climate change – Climate changes in response to movement of landmasses • 1 degree of latitude per million years (100 km/million years) • Slow changes in solar heating • Average temperature over the continent keeps pace with average changes in solar radiation because o ...
climate change, causation, and delayed harm
... the “thermal inertia” of the oceans.5 Because water has a high heat capacity, it takes much longer to heat up than the atmosphere does. Accordingly, it will take decades or even centuries for the full impacts of historic greenhouse gas emissions to be felt in changes to global temperature levels, se ...
... the “thermal inertia” of the oceans.5 Because water has a high heat capacity, it takes much longer to heat up than the atmosphere does. Accordingly, it will take decades or even centuries for the full impacts of historic greenhouse gas emissions to be felt in changes to global temperature levels, se ...
Background Paper: Addressing Climate Change
... climate are rising and this global warming is caused by human activity creating greenhouse gas emissions (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – www.ippc.ch). The effects of climate change will vary around the earth. The likely effects that will be experienced in the UK include hotter, drier su ...
... climate are rising and this global warming is caused by human activity creating greenhouse gas emissions (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – www.ippc.ch). The effects of climate change will vary around the earth. The likely effects that will be experienced in the UK include hotter, drier su ...
- Acclimatise
... The First Climate Action Plan for a mountainous area in France, its effectiveness probably depends less on specific budget commitments than on the involvement of everyone to reduce their ecological footprint in both their personal life and their working life. Therefore we are all personally and coll ...
... The First Climate Action Plan for a mountainous area in France, its effectiveness probably depends less on specific budget commitments than on the involvement of everyone to reduce their ecological footprint in both their personal life and their working life. Therefore we are all personally and coll ...
ENG - UN CC:Learn
... rapidly once its optimum is reached. As the temperature rises above 35°C, photosynthesis slows, dropping to zero when it reaches 40°C (Brown 2004). For example, higher than normal atmospheric temperatures were the main factor for a significant drop in yields −18% for corn and about 10% for soybeans− ...
... rapidly once its optimum is reached. As the temperature rises above 35°C, photosynthesis slows, dropping to zero when it reaches 40°C (Brown 2004). For example, higher than normal atmospheric temperatures were the main factor for a significant drop in yields −18% for corn and about 10% for soybeans− ...
discussion guide - Before the Flood
... In India today, there are still 300M people that are without power, and in total, 700M are using bio-fuel (dried cow dung) as their main source of heat for cooking. At the same time, they are one of the most coal rich nations in the world and are seeking a costeffective energy solution for their cit ...
... In India today, there are still 300M people that are without power, and in total, 700M are using bio-fuel (dried cow dung) as their main source of heat for cooking. At the same time, they are one of the most coal rich nations in the world and are seeking a costeffective energy solution for their cit ...
Road Owners Adapting to Climate Change
... continental elements. This is due to humid Atlantic air which collides over its territory with dry air from the Eurasian interior. ...
... continental elements. This is due to humid Atlantic air which collides over its territory with dry air from the Eurasian interior. ...
I4548
... monsoons. A poor monsoon rainfall leads to drought conditions and situation is further motivated if monsoon fails for consecutive years and back-to-back drought occurs. Studies carried out on 12 river basins of India using SWAT model indicated that as a result of global warming, the conditions may d ...
... monsoons. A poor monsoon rainfall leads to drought conditions and situation is further motivated if monsoon fails for consecutive years and back-to-back drought occurs. Studies carried out on 12 river basins of India using SWAT model indicated that as a result of global warming, the conditions may d ...
Climate Conflicts: Extricating post-Kyoto Debates in Science and Policy
... Box 2: Example of censorship allegations by proponents of global warming James E. Hansen, longtime director of the agency's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, said in an interview that officials at NASA headquarters had ordered the public affairs staff to review his coming lectures, papers, posti ...
... Box 2: Example of censorship allegations by proponents of global warming James E. Hansen, longtime director of the agency's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, said in an interview that officials at NASA headquarters had ordered the public affairs staff to review his coming lectures, papers, posti ...
I. What is Land
... Changes in energy and water balance at land surface (effects at different scales) The “urban heat island” (local) effect Large-scale changes in land use ...
... Changes in energy and water balance at land surface (effects at different scales) The “urban heat island” (local) effect Large-scale changes in land use ...
Rio Conventions Pavilion @ UNFCC COP17 Draft Program
... Practical design and implementation of joint ecosystem and community based adaptation strategies at sub-national levels in Least Developed Countries and Small Island States Theme: Oceans Day (Separate Venue) Raise awareness of the central role of oceans in global climate processes, and the fact that ...
... Practical design and implementation of joint ecosystem and community based adaptation strategies at sub-national levels in Least Developed Countries and Small Island States Theme: Oceans Day (Separate Venue) Raise awareness of the central role of oceans in global climate processes, and the fact that ...
Potential for Southern Hemisphere climate surprises
... ice shelves, destabilize grounding lines and ultimately collapse ice sheets (Spencer et al., 2014). The over-deepened, reverse slope bathymetry of Antarctica’s continental shelves provides an ideal configuration for a runaway retreat with the potential for abrupt collapse and accelerated sea-level i ...
... ice shelves, destabilize grounding lines and ultimately collapse ice sheets (Spencer et al., 2014). The over-deepened, reverse slope bathymetry of Antarctica’s continental shelves provides an ideal configuration for a runaway retreat with the potential for abrupt collapse and accelerated sea-level i ...
Assessing the Vulnerability of Fish Stocks in a Changing Climate
... The methodology will provide fishery managers, scientists, and others with information they can use as they consider what additional scientific information is needed and how to adapt management strategies for those fish stocks. This will include information about which species in the region are most ...
... The methodology will provide fishery managers, scientists, and others with information they can use as they consider what additional scientific information is needed and how to adapt management strategies for those fish stocks. This will include information about which species in the region are most ...
Reaching professionals and ordinary citizens
... Links to an EU-wide campaign During the programme’s final year from June 2006, a special campaign You Control Climate Change was run across Finland in collaboration with the European Commission’s EU-wide programme. The campaign especially aimed to bring climate issues closer to ordinary people – to ...
... Links to an EU-wide campaign During the programme’s final year from June 2006, a special campaign You Control Climate Change was run across Finland in collaboration with the European Commission’s EU-wide programme. The campaign especially aimed to bring climate issues closer to ordinary people – to ...
Assessing the Risk of Climate Change on the Water Resources of
... probability distribution functions (PDFs) constructed using Monte Carlo sampling. Critical thresholds for irrigation allocation and environmental flows were established. Decadal variability affecting rainfall was also investigated and found to vary baseline results by ±20% from the long-term mean. T ...
... probability distribution functions (PDFs) constructed using Monte Carlo sampling. Critical thresholds for irrigation allocation and environmental flows were established. Decadal variability affecting rainfall was also investigated and found to vary baseline results by ±20% from the long-term mean. T ...
1. Identification
... The Government of Bangladesh (GoB) is committed to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and their related targets by 2015. The main national development policy document in this respect is the "National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction II – NSAPR II (FY 2009-2011)". It ...
... The Government of Bangladesh (GoB) is committed to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and their related targets by 2015. The main national development policy document in this respect is the "National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction II – NSAPR II (FY 2009-2011)". It ...
PDF
... Farmers and other water users do not respond passively to risk, but choose production strategies to manage risk. To represent this appropriately, it is necessary to analyse production under uncertainty in state-contingent terms. A general theory of state-contingent production is developed by Chambe ...
... Farmers and other water users do not respond passively to risk, but choose production strategies to manage risk. To represent this appropriately, it is necessary to analyse production under uncertainty in state-contingent terms. A general theory of state-contingent production is developed by Chambe ...
Climate change in the United States
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Because of global warming, there has been concern in the United States and internationally, that the country should reduce total greenhouse gas which is relatively high per capita.In 2012, the United States experienced its warmest year on record. As of 2012, the thirteen warmest years for the entire planet have all occurred since 1998, transcending those from 1880.From 1950 to 2009, the American government's surface temperature record shows an increase by 1 °F (0.56 °C), approximately. Global warming has caused many changes in the U.S. According to a 2009 statement by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), trends include lake and river ice melting earlier in the spring, plants blooming earlier, multiple animal species shifting their habitat ranges northward, and reductions in the size of glaciers.Predicting future climate changes are fraught with difficultly. Some research has warned against possible problems due to American climate changes such as the spread of invasive species and possibilities of floods as well as droughts. Changes in climate in the regions of the United States appear significant. Drought conditions appear to be worsening in the southwest while improving in the northeast for example.President Barack Obama committed in the December 2009 Copenhagen Climate Change Summit to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the range of 17% below 2005 levels by 2020, 42% below 2005 levels by 2030, and 83% below 2005 levels by 2050. In an address towards the U.S. Congress in June 2013, Obama detailed a specific action plan to achieve the 17% carbon emissions cut from 2005 by 2020. He included such measures as shifting from coal-based power generation to solar and natural gas production.