Changes in Earth`s Reflectance over the Past Two Decades
... to 2000, with a strong climatologically significant drop after 1995. From 2001 to 2003, only earthshine data are available, and they indicate a complete reversal of the decline. Understanding how the causes of these decadal changes are apportioned between natural variability, direct forcing, and feed ...
... to 2000, with a strong climatologically significant drop after 1995. From 2001 to 2003, only earthshine data are available, and they indicate a complete reversal of the decline. Understanding how the causes of these decadal changes are apportioned between natural variability, direct forcing, and feed ...
Increasing bioenergy production on arable land - CLM
... evapotranspiration through stomatal resistance and defines the size of the canopy precipitation storage capacity. The fractional vegetation cover determines the fraction of a grid cell where vegetation properties affect surface exchange processes. For instance, the turbulent exchange of momentum, ener ...
... evapotranspiration through stomatal resistance and defines the size of the canopy precipitation storage capacity. The fractional vegetation cover determines the fraction of a grid cell where vegetation properties affect surface exchange processes. For instance, the turbulent exchange of momentum, ener ...
Chapter 2: AFRICAN CLIMATE CHANGE: PAST AND FUTURE
... of the ongoing global warming. The increase has been attributed to a rise in the burning of fossil fuels, high population growth rates, increasing reliance on fossil fuel-driven growth technologies, and land use effects (particularly urbanization, agriculture and deforestation). Further increases in ...
... of the ongoing global warming. The increase has been attributed to a rise in the burning of fossil fuels, high population growth rates, increasing reliance on fossil fuel-driven growth technologies, and land use effects (particularly urbanization, agriculture and deforestation). Further increases in ...
A call to insect scientists: challenges and opportunities of managing
... (WICCI), a collaboration of scientists and stakeholders totaling more than 70 entities that have worked for a decade to develop, synthesize, and translate climate science, assess and anticipate climate change impacts to a diversity of resources and values, and develop adaptation strategies [54]. A s ...
... (WICCI), a collaboration of scientists and stakeholders totaling more than 70 entities that have worked for a decade to develop, synthesize, and translate climate science, assess and anticipate climate change impacts to a diversity of resources and values, and develop adaptation strategies [54]. A s ...
Climate change and Emission trading. Tool of investment
... forecast the effects of emission trading and climate protection to economy ...
... forecast the effects of emission trading and climate protection to economy ...
Svalbard innmat
... due to complex feedback mechanisms in the atmosphere-ocean-ice system. The predicted warming in the Arctic over the next 50 years is in the order of 3–4 °C or more than twice the global average, while the ice cover is predicted to be reduced ~40% during summer and ~10% during winter time over the sa ...
... due to complex feedback mechanisms in the atmosphere-ocean-ice system. The predicted warming in the Arctic over the next 50 years is in the order of 3–4 °C or more than twice the global average, while the ice cover is predicted to be reduced ~40% during summer and ~10% during winter time over the sa ...
NRDC: The Paris Agreement on Climate Change
... Accord. This Accord was expanded and formally adopted in 2010 as the Cancun Agreements where dozens of countries—including the United States, China, European Union, and India—committed to reducing their emissions by 2020. Countries also agreed to a new set of mechanisms to help developing countries ...
... Accord. This Accord was expanded and formally adopted in 2010 as the Cancun Agreements where dozens of countries—including the United States, China, European Union, and India—committed to reducing their emissions by 2020. Countries also agreed to a new set of mechanisms to help developing countries ...
Understanding the Arctic Climate System
... Arctic System, which transcends disciplinary boundaries. It is also valuable for graduate students and postdocs, exposing them to a wider range of fields. The future of climate research will be dominated by interdisciplinary teamwork, so gaining this experience early is a significant advantage in un ...
... Arctic System, which transcends disciplinary boundaries. It is also valuable for graduate students and postdocs, exposing them to a wider range of fields. The future of climate research will be dominated by interdisciplinary teamwork, so gaining this experience early is a significant advantage in un ...
Lancashire County Council
... and service delivery to be assessed. The first report on this performance indicator was made in July 2009 and this provides the baseline year against which future reductions will be measured. In 2008/9 Lancashire County Council emitted 159,000 tonnes CO2. The target for the County Council is to red ...
... and service delivery to be assessed. The first report on this performance indicator was made in July 2009 and this provides the baseline year against which future reductions will be measured. In 2008/9 Lancashire County Council emitted 159,000 tonnes CO2. The target for the County Council is to red ...
extremes
... neighborhood of the poverty line and is also estimated from the household survey data. When combined with information about the distribution of national poverty across socio-economic strata, we are able to estimate the change in national poverty headcount. The poverty headcount data by socio-economi ...
... neighborhood of the poverty line and is also estimated from the household survey data. When combined with information about the distribution of national poverty across socio-economic strata, we are able to estimate the change in national poverty headcount. The poverty headcount data by socio-economi ...
The Future of Freshwater - cpaws-bc
... and increase the amount of particles suspended in the water, thus reducing water clarity. Reduced average flow coupled with warmer temperatures will cause greater fluctuations in water temperature. Small volumes of water track air temperatures more closely than large volumes do. Stream and river tem ...
... and increase the amount of particles suspended in the water, thus reducing water clarity. Reduced average flow coupled with warmer temperatures will cause greater fluctuations in water temperature. Small volumes of water track air temperatures more closely than large volumes do. Stream and river tem ...
Working Paper 217 - Bettis et al 2016 (opens in new window)
... anthropogenic interference with the climate system” has come to be framed politically. Moreover it leads to the conclusion that, in terms of greenhouse gas emissions today and in the future, the world is running a higher risk with the climate system than insurance companies run with their own solven ...
... anthropogenic interference with the climate system” has come to be framed politically. Moreover it leads to the conclusion that, in terms of greenhouse gas emissions today and in the future, the world is running a higher risk with the climate system than insurance companies run with their own solven ...
Douglas Wilcox, Research and Program Development Division, Manitoba Agricultural Services
... crop loss years resulting from extreme weather events. Management plays a part but annual weather variations, both within the growing season and in terms of extremes, are the main cause of crop yield variation. There is a general scientific consensus that climate change (warming) is occurring and th ...
... crop loss years resulting from extreme weather events. Management plays a part but annual weather variations, both within the growing season and in terms of extremes, are the main cause of crop yield variation. There is a general scientific consensus that climate change (warming) is occurring and th ...
Global Climate Change - Florida Atlantic University
... bond: the heat capacity, the latent heat of fusion, and the latent heat of vaporization. Heat Capacity is the amount of heat it takes to raise or lower the temperature of 1 g of a substance 1°C. The same amount of heat is released as water is cooled. The heat capacity of liquid water is 1 cal per gr ...
... bond: the heat capacity, the latent heat of fusion, and the latent heat of vaporization. Heat Capacity is the amount of heat it takes to raise or lower the temperature of 1 g of a substance 1°C. The same amount of heat is released as water is cooled. The heat capacity of liquid water is 1 cal per gr ...
Member`s Profiles
... Oceanography from The M.I.T.-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program. She received a Woman’s Early Career Award and a NATO Fellowship that supported postdoctoral pursuits at MIT and at the Centre National D’Etudes Spatiales in Toulouse France. She got her start in Polar Research under an ...
... Oceanography from The M.I.T.-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program. She received a Woman’s Early Career Award and a NATO Fellowship that supported postdoctoral pursuits at MIT and at the Centre National D’Etudes Spatiales in Toulouse France. She got her start in Polar Research under an ...
1 Conflict and Accommodation in International Environmental
... The emergence of global environmental concerns such as ozone depletion and climate change has shifted concern from local and regional impacts to potentially catastrophic and irreversible changes in the earth's biosphere. The prospect of mandatory curbs on production and use of fossil fuels poses a s ...
... The emergence of global environmental concerns such as ozone depletion and climate change has shifted concern from local and regional impacts to potentially catastrophic and irreversible changes in the earth's biosphere. The prospect of mandatory curbs on production and use of fossil fuels poses a s ...
File - The Building Blocks For Learning
... With climate change, the study’s authors note, coastal upwelling–favorable winds are expected to intensify, as they have in recent decades. Upwelling winds are controlled by ocean high-pressure systems, which may strengthen with global warming–induced shifts in the global atmospheric circulation. Ma ...
... With climate change, the study’s authors note, coastal upwelling–favorable winds are expected to intensify, as they have in recent decades. Upwelling winds are controlled by ocean high-pressure systems, which may strengthen with global warming–induced shifts in the global atmospheric circulation. Ma ...
Hansen et al Climate change
... much as 2%. The long-term global warming trend is predominately a forced climate change caused by increased human-made atmospheric gases, mainly CO2 (1). The basic physics underlying this global warming, the greenhouse effect, is simple. An increase of gases such as CO2 has little effect on incoming ...
... much as 2%. The long-term global warming trend is predominately a forced climate change caused by increased human-made atmospheric gases, mainly CO2 (1). The basic physics underlying this global warming, the greenhouse effect, is simple. An increase of gases such as CO2 has little effect on incoming ...
Weather and climate: changing human exposures
... ature range would increase dramatically and the average temperature would be about 33 °C colder (3). Changes in the composition of gases in the atmosphere alter the intensity of the greenhouse effect. This analogy arose because these gases have been likened to the glass of a greenhouse that lets in ...
... ature range would increase dramatically and the average temperature would be about 33 °C colder (3). Changes in the composition of gases in the atmosphere alter the intensity of the greenhouse effect. This analogy arose because these gases have been likened to the glass of a greenhouse that lets in ...
Ecology Matters - British Ecological Society
... estimated at £690 million a year. Ecological research enables us to better understand, account for and protect these vital goods and services. Applying this knowledge to maintain our natural capital stocks is vital for economic prosperity and to avoid significant costs to business and government. 1. ...
... estimated at £690 million a year. Ecological research enables us to better understand, account for and protect these vital goods and services. Applying this knowledge to maintain our natural capital stocks is vital for economic prosperity and to avoid significant costs to business and government. 1. ...
Scientific Case for Avoiding Dangerous Climate
... much as 2%. The long-term global warming trend is predominately a forced climate change caused by increased human-made atmospheric gases, mainly CO2 (1). The basic physics underlying this global warming, the greenhouse effect, is simple. An increase of gases such as CO2 has little effect on incoming ...
... much as 2%. The long-term global warming trend is predominately a forced climate change caused by increased human-made atmospheric gases, mainly CO2 (1). The basic physics underlying this global warming, the greenhouse effect, is simple. An increase of gases such as CO2 has little effect on incoming ...
The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific and El Niño
... trades .The term ‘El Niño-like’ also creates confusion in the wider community in many parts of the world where rainfall changes expected from global warming have the opposite sign to those normally associated with El Niño. ...
... trades .The term ‘El Niño-like’ also creates confusion in the wider community in many parts of the world where rainfall changes expected from global warming have the opposite sign to those normally associated with El Niño. ...
How Will Climate Change Affect Human Health in
... Projections based on the average of the climate change scenarios derived from two global climate models and two greenhouse gas emissions scenarios: the PCM model run with the B1 emissions scenario and the HADCM1 model run with the A1B emissions scenario. Population levels were held constant at year ...
... Projections based on the average of the climate change scenarios derived from two global climate models and two greenhouse gas emissions scenarios: the PCM model run with the B1 emissions scenario and the HADCM1 model run with the A1B emissions scenario. Population levels were held constant at year ...
Global average surface temperature has increased by 0
... verification period. The calibration period for temperature spanned the 1961-1978 and 1994-2000, while the period 1979-1993 was withheld for verification purposes. The selection of these periods was arbitrary, but were selected to coincide with periods being employed by the STARDEX project (Statisti ...
... verification period. The calibration period for temperature spanned the 1961-1978 and 1994-2000, while the period 1979-1993 was withheld for verification purposes. The selection of these periods was arbitrary, but were selected to coincide with periods being employed by the STARDEX project (Statisti ...
Review on Ocean Heat Content and Ocean
... The observed increase in oceanic heat content is compared to the simulation results of a coupled model of Earth’s climate system. The coupled ocean-atmosphere-ice model is developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), and is higher in spatial resolution than an earlier version used ...
... The observed increase in oceanic heat content is compared to the simulation results of a coupled model of Earth’s climate system. The coupled ocean-atmosphere-ice model is developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), and is higher in spatial resolution than an earlier version used ...
Attribution of recent climate change
Attribution of recent climate change is the effort to scientifically ascertain mechanisms responsible for recent changes observed in the Earth's climate, commonly known as 'global warming'. The effort has focused on changes observed during the period of instrumental temperature record, when records are most reliable; particularly in the last 50 years, when human activity has grown fastest and observations of the troposphere have become available. The dominant mechanisms (to which recent climate change has been attributed) are anthropogenic, i.e., the result of human activity. They are: increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases global changes to land surface, such as deforestation increasing atmospheric concentrations of aerosols.There are also natural mechanisms for variation including climate oscillations, changes in solar activity, and volcanic activity.According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), it is ""extremely likely"" that human influence was the dominant cause of global warming between 1951 and 2010. The IPCC defines ""extremely likely"" as indicating a probability of 95 to 100%, based on an expert assessment of all the available evidence.Multiple lines of evidence support attribution of recent climate change to human activities: A basic physical understanding of the climate system: greenhouse gas concentrations have increased and their warming properties are well-established. Historical estimates of past climate changes suggest that the recent changes in global surface temperature are unusual. Computer-based climate models are unable to replicate the observed warming unless human greenhouse gas emissions are included. Natural forces alone (such as solar and volcanic activity) cannot explain the observed warming.The IPCC's attribution of recent global warming to human activities is a view shared by most scientists, and is also supported by 196 other scientific organizations worldwide (see also: scientific opinion on climate change).