The Climate System: an Overview
... those variables that affect daily life most directly: average, maximum and minimum temperature, wind near the surface of the Earth, precipitation in its various forms, humidity, cloud type and amount, and solar radiation. These are the variables observed hourly by a large number of weather stations ...
... those variables that affect daily life most directly: average, maximum and minimum temperature, wind near the surface of the Earth, precipitation in its various forms, humidity, cloud type and amount, and solar radiation. These are the variables observed hourly by a large number of weather stations ...
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... a prolonged sunspot minimum which lasted for seventy years since 1645, temperatures were significantly lower than average (Eddy, 1976). Another natural factor causing sudden temperature changes is volcanic eruption. During explosive volcanic eruptions large quantities of ash and sulfur gases are rel ...
... a prolonged sunspot minimum which lasted for seventy years since 1645, temperatures were significantly lower than average (Eddy, 1976). Another natural factor causing sudden temperature changes is volcanic eruption. During explosive volcanic eruptions large quantities of ash and sulfur gases are rel ...
Econometrics and the Science of Climate Change
... Econometrics has a long history as the technique of choice for testing the merits of alternative hypotheses across most of the social sciences as well as many of the natural and materials sciences, not to mention pharmaceutical science, where it is widely used to evaluate the efficacy of alternative ...
... Econometrics has a long history as the technique of choice for testing the merits of alternative hypotheses across most of the social sciences as well as many of the natural and materials sciences, not to mention pharmaceutical science, where it is widely used to evaluate the efficacy of alternative ...
Environmental problems caused by anthropogenic changes
... possible to anticipate a decline in СО2 emissions into the air due to substitution of burning up organic fuel for the processes of energy generation by the instrumentality of thermonuclear fission. Along with the СО2 of anthropogenic origin, there are natural sources of the inflow of carbon dioxide ...
... possible to anticipate a decline in СО2 emissions into the air due to substitution of burning up organic fuel for the processes of energy generation by the instrumentality of thermonuclear fission. Along with the СО2 of anthropogenic origin, there are natural sources of the inflow of carbon dioxide ...
Sun
... noted the recent departures may result “from spurious non-climatic contamination of the surface observations such as heat-island and land-use effects [Pielke et al., 2002; Kalnay and Cai, 2003]”. There analysis was done using the global databases which may also suffer from station dropout and improp ...
... noted the recent departures may result “from spurious non-climatic contamination of the surface observations such as heat-island and land-use effects [Pielke et al., 2002; Kalnay and Cai, 2003]”. There analysis was done using the global databases which may also suffer from station dropout and improp ...
A Review of Climate Fiction (Cli-Fi)
... and ice are beautiful and fascinating substances; there is something deeply romantic about being locked in snow and ice (think of the NY public library in The Day After Tomorrow), great stuff for cinema. Making a film about a hot climate is probably harder.” ...
... and ice are beautiful and fascinating substances; there is something deeply romantic about being locked in snow and ice (think of the NY public library in The Day After Tomorrow), great stuff for cinema. Making a film about a hot climate is probably harder.” ...
Conveyor Belt Circulation
... convenient choice of starting point is the flow of surface waters in the North Atlantic via the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift towards high latitudes (see, for example, Broecker (1991), Lumpkin and Speer (2007), or Gordon (1996)). There, surface waters cool through heat exchange with the c ...
... convenient choice of starting point is the flow of surface waters in the North Atlantic via the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift towards high latitudes (see, for example, Broecker (1991), Lumpkin and Speer (2007), or Gordon (1996)). There, surface waters cool through heat exchange with the c ...
Business and Climate Change Issues: Discussion on Awareness and Motivational Factors
... sectors may face increasing threats, while others may be less affected and some may even get opportunities and benefits (Begum & Pereira, 2011; Okereke, C., 2007). The Stern review (2007) also stresses that climate change and weather events can disrupt businesses and indirectly alter market demand a ...
... sectors may face increasing threats, while others may be less affected and some may even get opportunities and benefits (Begum & Pereira, 2011; Okereke, C., 2007). The Stern review (2007) also stresses that climate change and weather events can disrupt businesses and indirectly alter market demand a ...
Climate Change and Tourism: The Case for the Coastline of the
... reconnaissance to review and better understand the dynamics of coastal changes. We noted damages to tourism related facilities that had taken place in the recent past due to beach erosion, storms, and hurricanes. From this aerial view, there was no visual evidence of transformations resulting from c ...
... reconnaissance to review and better understand the dynamics of coastal changes. We noted damages to tourism related facilities that had taken place in the recent past due to beach erosion, storms, and hurricanes. From this aerial view, there was no visual evidence of transformations resulting from c ...
governance of adaptation to and mitigation of climate change on
... lead to greater susceptibility to pests, pathogens and severe weather events (Vukmir et al., 2009). Another significant threat to forest ecosystems is caused by an increase in forest fires (Vojniković, 2010). The response of crop yields to climate change varies widely, depending on species, cultivar ...
... lead to greater susceptibility to pests, pathogens and severe weather events (Vukmir et al., 2009). Another significant threat to forest ecosystems is caused by an increase in forest fires (Vojniković, 2010). The response of crop yields to climate change varies widely, depending on species, cultivar ...
on global warming and the role of fossil fuels
... It is worth noting that 2005 was not the hottest year in the last 100 years, as often reported in the media, one result of which is that mean temperature has not increased since 1998. In its Summary for Policymakers, IPCC (2001) concludes from the evidence it presents that “The global average surfa ...
... It is worth noting that 2005 was not the hottest year in the last 100 years, as often reported in the media, one result of which is that mean temperature has not increased since 1998. In its Summary for Policymakers, IPCC (2001) concludes from the evidence it presents that “The global average surfa ...
Fairtrade and the carbon market
... These aim to make producers stronger by supporting them to carry out their own risk and opportunity assessments and providing climate change adaptation training. This involves communities and is based on local knowledge and expertise. Fairtrade International is currently developing climate change ad ...
... These aim to make producers stronger by supporting them to carry out their own risk and opportunity assessments and providing climate change adaptation training. This involves communities and is based on local knowledge and expertise. Fairtrade International is currently developing climate change ad ...
Be skeptical of Skeptic`s skepticism of skeptics
... In 1995 Dr. Ken Overpeck, a senior researcher into the history of the early climate, sent an email to Professor David Deming, a climate researcher specializing in the reconstruction of pre-thermometer temperatures by drilling boreholes and measuring the temperatures at various depths. The email was ...
... In 1995 Dr. Ken Overpeck, a senior researcher into the history of the early climate, sent an email to Professor David Deming, a climate researcher specializing in the reconstruction of pre-thermometer temperatures by drilling boreholes and measuring the temperatures at various depths. The email was ...
CLIMAP builds on ongoing and recently completed adaptation
... works. The design for these was also based on an hourly rainfall of 178 mm for a 25 year recurrence interval. Analyses show that it is more costly to “climate proof” retroactively US$776,184 for a 3.2 km section of existing road (US$243,000 per km) as opposed to US$511,00 to “climate proof” 6.6 km o ...
... works. The design for these was also based on an hourly rainfall of 178 mm for a 25 year recurrence interval. Analyses show that it is more costly to “climate proof” retroactively US$776,184 for a 3.2 km section of existing road (US$243,000 per km) as opposed to US$511,00 to “climate proof” 6.6 km o ...
Links between native forest and climate in Australia
... How does the climate change signal correlate with loss of native vegetation? Since the pioneering research on causal links between LCC and climate in the early 1990s (Shukla et al., 1990; Meher-Homji, 1991), there is escalating evidence that the natural climate system is sensitive to perturbations i ...
... How does the climate change signal correlate with loss of native vegetation? Since the pioneering research on causal links between LCC and climate in the early 1990s (Shukla et al., 1990; Meher-Homji, 1991), there is escalating evidence that the natural climate system is sensitive to perturbations i ...
Fairtrade and the carbon market
... These aim to make producers stronger by supporting them to carry out their own risk and opportunity assessments and providing climate change adaptation training. This involves communities and is based on local knowledge and expertise. Fairtrade International is currently developing climate change ad ...
... These aim to make producers stronger by supporting them to carry out their own risk and opportunity assessments and providing climate change adaptation training. This involves communities and is based on local knowledge and expertise. Fairtrade International is currently developing climate change ad ...
The Ocean and Climate Change
... strategies, have largely been overlooked. Over 70% of the planet is covered by the ocean. The ocean is the major regulating force in the earth’s climate system and represents the largest carbon sink on the planet. Healthy marine and coastal ecosystems, and their services, are essential to maintain t ...
... strategies, have largely been overlooked. Over 70% of the planet is covered by the ocean. The ocean is the major regulating force in the earth’s climate system and represents the largest carbon sink on the planet. Healthy marine and coastal ecosystems, and their services, are essential to maintain t ...
What is global warming?
... "It's a document for every individual citizen who wants to know why they should care about climate change." The report notes that reducing carbon dioxide emissions could lessen warming this century and beyond. But it makes equally clear that climate-related changes are already being observed globall ...
... "It's a document for every individual citizen who wants to know why they should care about climate change." The report notes that reducing carbon dioxide emissions could lessen warming this century and beyond. But it makes equally clear that climate-related changes are already being observed globall ...
Jagdeo Leads Caricom in Talks With Obama
... problems that we face in this hemisphere,” President Jagdeo added. He said of particular interest to the Caribbean region is the issue of adaptation for countries with low-lying coasts and Island states and ensuring that there is adequate funds in the agreement. The president reiterated that the reg ...
... problems that we face in this hemisphere,” President Jagdeo added. He said of particular interest to the Caribbean region is the issue of adaptation for countries with low-lying coasts and Island states and ensuring that there is adequate funds in the agreement. The president reiterated that the reg ...
Document
... Kyoto GHG – is 0.33, but with what uncertainty ? Uncertainty in the ratio is clearly less than ±30% because some of the errors are correlated and will cancel (e.g., conversion of CO2 abundance to RF), yet some errors are uncorrelated and will not (e.g., different mixes of GHGs). Until a careful anal ...
... Kyoto GHG – is 0.33, but with what uncertainty ? Uncertainty in the ratio is clearly less than ±30% because some of the errors are correlated and will cancel (e.g., conversion of CO2 abundance to RF), yet some errors are uncorrelated and will not (e.g., different mixes of GHGs). Until a careful anal ...
Impacts of Present and Future Climate Variability on
... - Over the past 100 years, the amount of changes of mean surface temperatures and precipitations has been less in the tropics than the global average, but either in the past climate or in the projected scenarios, climate variability, particularly multidecadal ones, are obvious. - Based on climate ch ...
... - Over the past 100 years, the amount of changes of mean surface temperatures and precipitations has been less in the tropics than the global average, but either in the past climate or in the projected scenarios, climate variability, particularly multidecadal ones, are obvious. - Based on climate ch ...
Climate, economics, and statistical thermodynamics
... MaxEP may explain increasing energy consumption after processes become more energy-efficient. ...
... MaxEP may explain increasing energy consumption after processes become more energy-efficient. ...
Adaptation Planning Background Material
... critical decisions today (e.g., for fire, flood, disease outbreaks), and can aid in understanding the potential consequences of inaction as well as options for risk reduction. Apply ecosystem-based approaches. Ecosystems provide valuable services that help to build resilience and reduce the vulnerab ...
... critical decisions today (e.g., for fire, flood, disease outbreaks), and can aid in understanding the potential consequences of inaction as well as options for risk reduction. Apply ecosystem-based approaches. Ecosystems provide valuable services that help to build resilience and reduce the vulnerab ...
global action to address climate change
... wind. Recently in 2015, Denmark received about 42% of its energy from wind turbines alone (The Guardian, 2016). Denmark’s role is one example of an E.U. member state that has been able to implement a more aggressive approach towards addressing climate change issues at a domestic level, especially as ...
... wind. Recently in 2015, Denmark received about 42% of its energy from wind turbines alone (The Guardian, 2016). Denmark’s role is one example of an E.U. member state that has been able to implement a more aggressive approach towards addressing climate change issues at a domestic level, especially as ...
Solar radiation management
Solar radiation management (SRM) projects (proposed and theoretical) are a type of climate engineering which seek to reflect sunlight and thus reduce global warming. Proposed examples include the creation of stratospheric sulfate aerosols. They would not reduce greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, and thus do not address problems such as ocean acidification caused by excess carbon dioxide (CO2). Their principal advantages as an approach to climate engineering is the speed with which they can be deployed and become fully active, as well as their potential low financial cost. By comparison, other climate engineering techniques based on greenhouse gas remediation, such as ocean iron fertilization, need to sequester the anthropogenic carbon excess before any reversal of global warming would occur. Solar radiation management projects can therefore be used as a climate engineering ""quick fix"" while levels of greenhouse gases can be brought under control by greenhouse gas remediation techniques.