Carbon prices for the next thousand years
... working paper Gerlagh&Liski (2012).11 Historical emissions, zt for t < 1, affect future damages. We assume that the final-good and energy-sector outputs are differentiable and increasing in labor, energy, and carbon inputs. Damages and carbon cycle. Equations (6)-(7) show that climate damages are i ...
... working paper Gerlagh&Liski (2012).11 Historical emissions, zt for t < 1, affect future damages. We assume that the final-good and energy-sector outputs are differentiable and increasing in labor, energy, and carbon inputs. Damages and carbon cycle. Equations (6)-(7) show that climate damages are i ...
3. Global change scenarios
... scenario is based on a logically consistent, internally coherent and plausible set of assumptions (see Meadows et al. 2004; IPCC 1994). Theoretically, the scenario space contains an infinite number of scenarios; typically, only a few of them are considered. The scenarios used in this study combine p ...
... scenario is based on a logically consistent, internally coherent and plausible set of assumptions (see Meadows et al. 2004; IPCC 1994). Theoretically, the scenario space contains an infinite number of scenarios; typically, only a few of them are considered. The scenarios used in this study combine p ...
The potential impacts of climate change on the mid
... determinations for Atlantic City. The vertical axis is height above the of the main-stem Chesapeake Bay, using fixed elevation known as the National Geodetic Vertical Datum techniques described by Gibson & Najjar (NGVD). The first column on the left is the storm-surge level achieved (unpubl.). We fo ...
... determinations for Atlantic City. The vertical axis is height above the of the main-stem Chesapeake Bay, using fixed elevation known as the National Geodetic Vertical Datum techniques described by Gibson & Najjar (NGVD). The first column on the left is the storm-surge level achieved (unpubl.). We fo ...
References
... Cane MA, Molnar P (2001) Closing of the Indonesian seaway as a precursor to east African aridircation around 3-4 million years ago. Nature 411 (6834):157-162 Cassou C, Terray L (2001) Oceanic forcing of the wintertime low-frequency atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic European sector: A stu ...
... Cane MA, Molnar P (2001) Closing of the Indonesian seaway as a precursor to east African aridircation around 3-4 million years ago. Nature 411 (6834):157-162 Cassou C, Terray L (2001) Oceanic forcing of the wintertime low-frequency atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic European sector: A stu ...
Climatic Impact of Volcanic Emissions
... Volcanism has long been implicated as a possible cause of weather and climate variations. Franklin [1784], Humphreys [1913, 1940] and Mitchell [1961] were pioneers in their association of volcanic eruptions with climate change. More recently, Lamb [1970, 1977, 1983], Toon and Pollack [1980], Toon [1 ...
... Volcanism has long been implicated as a possible cause of weather and climate variations. Franklin [1784], Humphreys [1913, 1940] and Mitchell [1961] were pioneers in their association of volcanic eruptions with climate change. More recently, Lamb [1970, 1977, 1983], Toon and Pollack [1980], Toon [1 ...
Full list of `Environment` briefings - European Parliament
... Weather and climate have a profound influence on life on earth, being essential for health, food production and well-being (IPCC, 2001a). Scientific evidence exists which indicates that human-induced changes are being made to the climate, mainly through the emission of greenhouse gases. In particula ...
... Weather and climate have a profound influence on life on earth, being essential for health, food production and well-being (IPCC, 2001a). Scientific evidence exists which indicates that human-induced changes are being made to the climate, mainly through the emission of greenhouse gases. In particula ...
Jordan Country Report
... o CO2 represented 84.6% in 2000, and expected to grow to 93% in 2033 o CH4 represented 13.6% in 2000, and expected to drop to 6.5% in 2033 o N2O represented 1.7% in 2000, and expected to drop to 0.3% in 2033 GHG emissions from electricity consumption are expected to increase by 138% by year 2028, wi ...
... o CO2 represented 84.6% in 2000, and expected to grow to 93% in 2033 o CH4 represented 13.6% in 2000, and expected to drop to 6.5% in 2033 o N2O represented 1.7% in 2000, and expected to drop to 0.3% in 2033 GHG emissions from electricity consumption are expected to increase by 138% by year 2028, wi ...
WHAT‘S UP Make the change – show that you care
... change debate because we are the future as well as a big part of the world’s population today. Between 28th November and 4th December, 164 children from 44 countries were gathered in Copenhagen for the first Children's Climate Forum (CCF). 'What's up COP?' addresses all the delegates at COP15 and as ...
... change debate because we are the future as well as a big part of the world’s population today. Between 28th November and 4th December, 164 children from 44 countries were gathered in Copenhagen for the first Children's Climate Forum (CCF). 'What's up COP?' addresses all the delegates at COP15 and as ...
Record-breaking temperatures reveal a warming climate
... which is accurate for n ≥ 7. For n = 4, 5, 6 the integral can be evaluated numerically. For a typical value of v/σ ≈ 0.01 and a time span of 30 years, (5) implies an increase of the record rate from 1/30 ≈ 0.033 to 0.042, or an increase in the expected number of record events per year from 12 to 15. ...
... which is accurate for n ≥ 7. For n = 4, 5, 6 the integral can be evaluated numerically. For a typical value of v/σ ≈ 0.01 and a time span of 30 years, (5) implies an increase of the record rate from 1/30 ≈ 0.033 to 0.042, or an increase in the expected number of record events per year from 12 to 15. ...
Chapter 6: Projections Based on Global Climate Models
... rainfall. For instance, the projected decline in surface solar radiation in the deep tropics (latitudes 10°S to 5°N) and in the vicinity of the SPCZ (Figure 6.6) is consistent with the projected increase in rainfall in these areas (through an associated increase in cloudiness; Figures 6.3 and 6.4). ...
... rainfall. For instance, the projected decline in surface solar radiation in the deep tropics (latitudes 10°S to 5°N) and in the vicinity of the SPCZ (Figure 6.6) is consistent with the projected increase in rainfall in these areas (through an associated increase in cloudiness; Figures 6.3 and 6.4). ...
The Non-Regulatory Alternatives to GHG Regulations
... Greenhouse Warming”, pp. 433-460, available at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=1605. Nordhaus, W.D. (1994). Managing the Global Commons: The Economics of Climate Change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Nordhaus, W. D. and Boyer, J. (2000) Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming, Camb ...
... Greenhouse Warming”, pp. 433-460, available at http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=1605. Nordhaus, W.D. (1994). Managing the Global Commons: The Economics of Climate Change. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Nordhaus, W. D. and Boyer, J. (2000) Warming the World: Economic Models of Global Warming, Camb ...
- Wiley Online Library
... determining the vegetation distribution in the region. The parameter-based uncertainties contribute most to the total uncertainty. The current warming conditions lead to a complexity of vegetation responses in the region. Temperate trees will be more sensitive to climate variability, compared with b ...
... determining the vegetation distribution in the region. The parameter-based uncertainties contribute most to the total uncertainty. The current warming conditions lead to a complexity of vegetation responses in the region. Temperate trees will be more sensitive to climate variability, compared with b ...
Communicating climate change to mass public audiences
... 5. Promote pro-environmental social norms and harness the power of social networks One way of bridging the gap between private-sphere behaviour changes and collective action is the promotion of pro-environmental social norms. Pictures and videos of ordinary people (‘like me’) engaging in significan ...
... 5. Promote pro-environmental social norms and harness the power of social networks One way of bridging the gap between private-sphere behaviour changes and collective action is the promotion of pro-environmental social norms. Pictures and videos of ordinary people (‘like me’) engaging in significan ...
Document
... heat that escapes from the oceans is in the form of water vapor, the most abundant greenhouse gas on Earth. Yet, water vapor also contributes to the formation of clouds, which shade the surface and have a net cooling effect. 1.1.2.2. Human causes Greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide is undoubtedly the mo ...
... heat that escapes from the oceans is in the form of water vapor, the most abundant greenhouse gas on Earth. Yet, water vapor also contributes to the formation of clouds, which shade the surface and have a net cooling effect. 1.1.2.2. Human causes Greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide is undoubtedly the mo ...
Carbon Storage in Rangelands - UC Cooperative Extension
... Private ranchers can be part of the solution to climate change by using management practices that improve soil organic matter and plant productivity, minimize erosion, and optimize carbon sequestration. Specific management recommendations for carbon sequestration will depend on many factors includin ...
... Private ranchers can be part of the solution to climate change by using management practices that improve soil organic matter and plant productivity, minimize erosion, and optimize carbon sequestration. Specific management recommendations for carbon sequestration will depend on many factors includin ...
Course Title - Institute for Security Studies
... Drought in South Africa and the U.S. leads to higher prices of corn. Increased food prices lead to a disgruntled urban population in Kenya who take to the streets in protest. Kenyans react negatively to the presence of Somali refugees in their midst, as the refugees are seen as competing for limited ...
... Drought in South Africa and the U.S. leads to higher prices of corn. Increased food prices lead to a disgruntled urban population in Kenya who take to the streets in protest. Kenyans react negatively to the presence of Somali refugees in their midst, as the refugees are seen as competing for limited ...
Snowshoe Hare and Canada Lynx Populations - G-WOW
... feet for maneuvering through snow, and a short, black-tipped tail. During the winter the Canada lynx has a long, thick grey coat with white tips, and during the summer a short, thin light brown coat. The long patches of fur on the face, and the thick, long ear tufts distinguish this breed. They are ...
... feet for maneuvering through snow, and a short, black-tipped tail. During the winter the Canada lynx has a long, thick grey coat with white tips, and during the summer a short, thin light brown coat. The long patches of fur on the face, and the thick, long ear tufts distinguish this breed. They are ...
Climate Change Policy Summary
... (e.g. new tree species, forest carbon) are explored; Monitoring Performance: determine key indicators and conduct long-term monitoring for climate change actions taken, to assess whether or not they are resulting in positive change. All FLNRO regions and branches, including BCTS, will develop climat ...
... (e.g. new tree species, forest carbon) are explored; Monitoring Performance: determine key indicators and conduct long-term monitoring for climate change actions taken, to assess whether or not they are resulting in positive change. All FLNRO regions and branches, including BCTS, will develop climat ...
Efficiency, Distribution and the Soft Law Future of the Climate Regime
... substantial changes in state practice. This has led some scholars to conclude that hard law, by virtue of the fact that it is legally binding and more difficult for states to escape once they have committed, provides the more effective means of eliciting change.” In fact, the Kyoto results represent ...
... substantial changes in state practice. This has led some scholars to conclude that hard law, by virtue of the fact that it is legally binding and more difficult for states to escape once they have committed, provides the more effective means of eliciting change.” In fact, the Kyoto results represent ...
Scientific uncertainty and climate change: Part I. Uncertainty
... to refer to the imprecision of our knowledge of various crucial climate variables, which is typically captured by the variance of the variable’s estimate (cf. Padilla et al. 2011). We are primarily concerned with uncertainty in equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS); that is, uncertainty about the wa ...
... to refer to the imprecision of our knowledge of various crucial climate variables, which is typically captured by the variance of the variable’s estimate (cf. Padilla et al. 2011). We are primarily concerned with uncertainty in equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS); that is, uncertainty about the wa ...
The global-scale impacts of climate change on water resources and
... there is a difference in the absolute numbers of people exposed to increased water resources stress or increased river flood frequency between the five SSPs. With the ‘middle-of-theroad’ SSP2, climate change by 2050 would increase exposure to water resources stress for between approximately 920 and ...
... there is a difference in the absolute numbers of people exposed to increased water resources stress or increased river flood frequency between the five SSPs. With the ‘middle-of-theroad’ SSP2, climate change by 2050 would increase exposure to water resources stress for between approximately 920 and ...
Thermodynamics of climate change
... The three temperature indicators (Fig. 1) feature, as expected, positive sensitivities: the surface temperature sensitivity (evaluated in the, more realistic, upper range of CO2 concentrations) is well within the range of what is simulated by the climate models included in 4th IPCC report (IPCC, 200 ...
... The three temperature indicators (Fig. 1) feature, as expected, positive sensitivities: the surface temperature sensitivity (evaluated in the, more realistic, upper range of CO2 concentrations) is well within the range of what is simulated by the climate models included in 4th IPCC report (IPCC, 200 ...
Climate Scientists and the Consensus on Climate Change
... reach, notwithstanding that it was conducted exclusively in English. ‘The existence of the survey was posted in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, the Climlist server, and...sent to institutional lists in Germany and Denmark’. Respondents (n = 558) came ‘from some 30 countries’, wi ...
... reach, notwithstanding that it was conducted exclusively in English. ‘The existence of the survey was posted in the Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, the Climlist server, and...sent to institutional lists in Germany and Denmark’. Respondents (n = 558) came ‘from some 30 countries’, wi ...
The influence of vegetation dynamics on anthropogenic climate
... Atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate changes projected for the 21st century (Meehl et al., 2007) are unprecedented in the geological history of the last several million years. Since the geographical distribution of natural plants is controlled by climate, to a large extent (Woodward and Beerli ...
... Atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate changes projected for the 21st century (Meehl et al., 2007) are unprecedented in the geological history of the last several million years. Since the geographical distribution of natural plants is controlled by climate, to a large extent (Woodward and Beerli ...
Climate modeling at various spatial and temporal scales: where can
... levels. Examples of resilience include the acidity of lakes in Northern Ontario, Canada, which returned to their natural levels following significant abatement of sulfur-based pollution from major smelting plants (Gunn and Keller, 1990). In other instances, environmental damage appears to be irrever ...
... levels. Examples of resilience include the acidity of lakes in Northern Ontario, Canada, which returned to their natural levels following significant abatement of sulfur-based pollution from major smelting plants (Gunn and Keller, 1990). In other instances, environmental damage appears to be irrever ...
Climate change feedback
Climate change feedback is important in the understanding of global warming because feedback processes may amplify or diminish the effect of each climate forcing, and so play an important part in determining the climate sensitivity and future climate state. Feedback in general is the process in which changing one quantity changes a second quantity, and the change in the second quantity in turn changes the first. Positive feedback amplifies the change in the first quantity while negative feedback reduces it.The term ""forcing"" means a change which may ""push"" the climate system in the direction of warming or cooling. An example of a climate forcing is increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. By definition, forcings are external to the climate system while feedbacks are internal; in essence, feedbacks represent the internal processes of the system. Some feedbacks may act in relative isolation to the rest of the climate system; others may be tightly coupled; hence it may be difficult to tell just how much a particular process contributes. Forcings, feedbacks and the dynamics of the climate system determine how much and how fast the climate changes. The main positive feedback in global warming is the tendency of warming to increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere, which in turn leads to further warming. The main negative feedback comes from the Stefan–Boltzmann law, the amount of heat radiated from the Earth into space changes with the fourth power of the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere.Some observed and potential effects of global warming are positive feedbacks, which contribute directly to further global warming. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report states that ""Anthropogenic warming could lead to some effects that are abrupt or irreversible, depending upon the rate and magnitude of the climate change.""